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. 2021 Oct 27;11:21168. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00603-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Habenula volume differences found in ASD. (A) Example MAGeTBrain habenula segmentation on a T1 weighted magnetic resonance image illustrated on the axial plane and 3D reconstruction of the habenula. (B) Bilateral habenula volume is greater in ASD compared to TDC. (C) The group effect (bilateral habenula larger in ASD vs TDC) is independent of sex. (D) There is no effect or laterality; the habenula is larger in ASD compared to TDC in the right and in the left hemisphere. This effect is apparent across the entire age range tested (E) within all age groups (F). ** indicates p ≤ 0.01. ASD: autism spectrum disorder subjects; TDC: typically developing controls.