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. 2021 Oct 27;12:6197. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26499-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Design of the study. Eighteen-to-twenty-week-old female Golden Syrian hamsters were used. Group 1 (n = 6) was vaccinated with 10⁶ EID₅₀ of live NDV-HXP-S. Group 2 (n = 6) was vaccinated with 10⁶ EID₅₀ of live WT NDV as the vector-only control. Group 3 (n = 6) was vaccinated with PBS as the negative control. Group 4 (n = 6) were the healthy controls. The vaccine was administered via the intranasal (I.N.) route at D0 and D22. Blood was collected at D22 and D41. Group 1–3 were challenged with 10⁵ PFU of the USA-WA1/2020 strain at D44. Group 4 was mock-challenged with PBS. b Spike-specific serum IgG. Antibodies in post-prime (D22, solid blue bar) and post-boost (D41, pattern blue bar) sera were measured by ELISAs. GMT endpoint titers were graphed. The error bars represent geometric SD. c Neutralizing activity of serum antibodies. Post-boost sera from groups 1–3 were pooled within each group and tested in neutralization assay against USA-WA/2020 strain (WT), B.1.351 variant, and B 1.1.7 variant in technical duplicate. Serum dilutions inhibiting 50% of the infection (ID₅₀) were plotted (LoD = 1:50; An ID₅₀ = 1:25 was assigned to negative samples). d Body weight change of hamsters. Bodyweight was recorded for 5 days after the challenge. The error bars represent geometric SD. (c and d, blue: NDV-HXP-S; gray: WT NDV; black: PBS) e Viral load in the lungs and nasal washes. The lower right and upper right lung lobes of a subset of animals (n = 3) from each group were collected at day 2 (yellow) and day 5 (blue) post challenge. Each lung lobe was homogenized in 1 mL PBS. Nasal washes were collected in 0.4 mL of PBS. Viral titers were measured by plaque assay on Vero E6 cells and plotted as GMT of PFU/mL (LoD = 50 PFU/mL; a titer of 25 PFU/mL was assigned to negative samples). The error bars represent geometric SD. Statistical difference was analyzed by two-way ANOVA corrected for Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test (**p < 0.0017; ***p = 0.0009).