TBM-1 mediated a T-cell dependent antitumor effect. (A)–(C) C57BL/6 mice with subcutaneous LLC tumor were i.p. injected with PBS or TBM-1 (a: 1 mg/kg, b: 2 mg/kg, c: 4 mg/kg), the tumors were ex vivo observed from the PBS or TBM-1 treated mice (A), the tumor volume (B) and tumor weight (C) were monitored for 14 days. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 7. (D)–(F) C57BL/6 mice with subcutaneous B16 melanoma were i.p. treated with PBS or TBM-1 (a: 1 mg/kg, b: 2 mg/kg, c: 4 mg/kg), the tumors were ex vivo observed from the PBS or TBM-1 treated mice (D), the tumor volume (E) and tumor weight (F) were monitored for 14 days. (G) BALB/c nude mice bearing LLC tumor were daily i.p. treatment with PBS or TBM-1 (2 mg/kg) for 14 days. Tumor weight was recorded. (H) C57BL/6 mice bearing Leiws tumor were received with anti-CD3 neutralizing antibody and/or TBM-1 for 14 days. Tumor growth was measured. (I) C57BL/6 mice bearing LLC tumor were i.p. treated with PBS or TBM-1 (2 mg/kg). Flow cytometry analyzing the population of CD69+ CD137+ in CD3+CD8+ TILs. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 6. (J) Representative IHC staining results for PD-L1, Ki67 and cleaved caspase 3 in PBS or TBM-1 treated mice, Scale bar, 200 μm. Quantification of IHC staining is shown. HPF, high power field. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3; ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ns, no significant.