Table 2.
Effects of maternal environmental chemical exposure on blood pressure and renal outcomes in children.
| Chemicals | Study/country | Participants | Major findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bisphenol A | EDC birth cohort/South Korea | 645 children | Maternal urinary BPA concentration during midterm pregnancy was associated with children’s DBP at age 4 | (74) |
| Bisphenol A | European HELIX cohort | 1,277 children | Increases in DBP were observed with maternal BPA concentrations | (75) |
| Bisphenol A | Generation R Study/Netherlands | 1,064 mother-child pairs | Maternal second trimester urinary BPA levels were associated with SBP in boys at mean age 9.7 years | (76) |
| Phthalates | Generation R Study/Netherlands | 1,064 mother-child pairs | Maternal urinary phthalate metabolite levels were negatively associated with SBP and DBP in girls | (76) |
| Phthalates | Rhea pregnancy cohort/Greece | 500 mother-child pairs | Maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were negatively associated with SBP and DBP at age 4. | (77) |
| Phthalates | INMA birth cohort/Spain | 391 mother-child pairs | Maternal urinary phthalate metabolite were associated with lower SBP z-scores in girls but not in boys. | (78) |
| Heavy metals | Boston Birth Cohort/USA | 1,194 mother-infant pairs | Hg, Pb, and Cd were not associated with childhood SBP at 3 to 15 years of age. | (79) |
| Lead | MINIMat trial/Bangladesh | 948 mother-infant pairs | There were no associations between maternal lead levels and childhood BP or eGFR at 8-12 years of age. There was an inverse association between maternal lead level and kidney volume. | (80) |
| Lead | PROGRESS birth cohort/Mexico | 453 mother-child pairs | There was an inverse association between maternal blood lead levels and eGFR in overweight children at 8-12 years of age. | (81) |
| Air pollution | CANDLE study | 822 mother-child pairs | The SBP percentile increased by 14.6 and DBP percentile increased by 8.7 with each 2-μg/m3 increase in second-trimester PM2.5. | (82) |
| Air pollution | PROGRESS birth cohort/Mexico | 537 mother-child pairs | A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 predicts a cumulative increase of 2.6 mmHg in SBP and 0.88 mmHg in DBP at ages 4-6 years. | (83) |
| Air pollution | Boston Birth Cohort/USA | 1,293 mother-child pairs | A 5 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 during the third trimester was associated with a 3.49 percentile increase in childhood SBP at 3 to 9 ages of age. | (84) |
EDC, Environment and Development of Children; INMA, Infancia y Medio Ambiente”—Environment and Childhood; HELIX, Human Early-Life Exposome; MINIMat, Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions, Matlab; PROGRESS, Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment and Social Stressors; CANDLE, Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.