Table 3.
Summary of animal models of developmental programming of kidney disease and hypertension categorized according to environmental chemical exposures.
| Enviromental Chemical | Animal Models | Species/Gender | Age at evaluation | Offspring Outcomes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCDD | TCDD 200 ng/kg orally on gestational days 14 and 21 and postnatal days 7 and 14 | SD rats/M | 12 weeks | Hypertension | (91) |
| TCDD | TCDD 200 ng/kg orally on gestational days 14 and 21 and postnatal days 7 and 14 | SD rats/M | 16 weeks | Hypertension | (92) |
| TCDD | TCDD 6.0 µg/g orally on gestational day 14.5 | C57BL/6N mice/M | 3 months | Hydronephrosis | (93) |
| BPA | Oral administration of bisphenol A 50 μg/kg/day during pregnancy and lactation. | SD rats/M | 16 weeks | Hypertension | (94) |
| BPA | BPA 10 or 100 μg/kg/day during gestational days 9-16 | OF1 mice/M & F | 30 days | Impaired glomerular and tubular formation | (95) |
| DEHP | Oral administration of DEHP 0.25 or 6.25mg/kg/day during pregnancy | Wistar rats/M & F | 21 weeks | Reduced kidney function, reduced nehron number, and hypertension | (96) |
| DBP | Oral administration of DBP 850 mg/kg/day during gestational days 14–18. | SD rat/M | 8 weeks | Reduced kidney function and renal fibrosis | (97, 98) |
| BaP | Oral administration of BaP 600 or 1200 μg/kg/day during gestational days 14-17 | LEH rats/M & F | 8 weeks | Hypertension | (99) |
| Heavy metals | Metal mixtures (Pb 125 or 250 mg/L, Cd 37.5 or 75 mg/L, Hg 0.75 or 1.5 mg/L) in drinking water during pregnacy and lactation | SD rats/M &F | 23 days | Kidney injury and renal hypertrophy | (100) |
| Cd | Inhaled Cd oxide nanoparticle (230 μg CdO NP/m3) for 2.5 h/d, 7 d/wk during gestational days 4.5-16.5 | CD-1 mice/M & F | 14 days | Kidney injury | (101) |
| Cd | Oral administration of Cd chloride 0.5 mg/kg/day during pregnancy | Wistar rats/M & F | 60 days | Reduced kidney finction | (102) |
| Cd | Oral administration of Cd chloride 2.0 or 2.5 mg/kg/day on gestational days 8, 10, 12 and 14 | SD rats/M | 49 days | Kidney injury | (103) |
| PM2.5 | Oropharyngeal drip of PM2.5 (1.0 mg/kg) at gestational days 8, 10, and 12 | SD rats/M | 14 weeks | Hypertension | (104) |
| PM2.5 | PM2.5 exposure for 16 weeks before delivery | C57BL/6N mice/M & F | 12 weeks | Hypertension | (105) |
Studies tabulated according to types of environmental chemicals, animal models and age at evaluation. TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; BPA, bisphenol A; DEHP, di-2-ethylhexylphthalate; DBP, di-n-butyl phthalate; BaP, benzo(a)pyrene; Pb, lead; Cd, cadmium; Hg, mercury; SD, PM10 (particulate matter <10 μm in diameter), PM2.5 (particulate matter < 2.5 μm); Sprague-Dawley rat; LEH, Long Evans Hooded.