TABLE 3.

Modern Pharmacological studies of A. sparsifolia.

Effect	Model	Part of plant/Extracts or compound	Positive control	Formulation/dosage	Result	References
Antioxidant	SOD, MDA, TEAC	Stem-branch/Curde polysaccharide	Lentinan (630 mg/kg) showed similar in vivo antioxidant activity to the extract	in vivo: 50, 100, 200 mg/kg	Increasing SOD TEAC leveals, decreasing MDA levels	Liu et al. (2021)
Hepatoprotective effects	APAP-induced acute liver injury mice	Secretory/Aqueous	Silibinin (300 mg/kg) significantly inhibits ALT, AST activity and alleviates liver lesions caused by APAP	in vivo: 150, 300, 600 mg/kg	Inhibiting the release of ALT and AST caused by APAP overdose and alleviating APAP-induced liver injury and hepatocyte necrosis	Aili et al. (2017)
	Alcoholic-induced acute liver injury mice	Secretory/Aqueous	Silibinin has a protective effect in mice with alcoholic liver disease	in vivo: 150, 300, 600 mg/kg	promoting alcohol metabolism, reducing the expression levels of TNF-α and TLR4 mRNA, promoting liver tissue repair and hepatocyte regeneration	Kuerbanjiang et al. (2017)
Renoprotective effects	Gentamicin-induced subacute renal injury mice	Secretory/Aqueous	—	in vivo: 350 mg/kg	significant protective effect on renal injury caused by 125 and 80 mg/kg GM, but not on renal injury caused by 100 mg/kg GM	Mikeremu et al. (2013)
	HgCl2- induced subacute renal injury in mice	Secretory/Aqueous	—	in vivo: 150, 300, 750 mg/kg	Best renal protection at 150 mg/ml	Wumaierjiang et al. (2014)
Gastrointestinal effects	Atropine inhibition and bethanechol chloride promote small bowel motility	Secretory/Aqueous	—	in vivo: 750, 1,500, 3,000 mg/kg	Gastrointestinal motility is stimulated and inhibited by excited gastrointestinal motility	Mikeremu et al. (2017)
	Diarrheal irritable bowel syndrome rats	Aerial part/ethanol	TrimebutineMaleate (60 mg/kg) improves diarrhoeal irritable bowel syndrome	in vivo: 200, 400 mg/kg	The fecal moisture content, the AWR score and the level of 5- HT, SP, MTL in the high and low dose groups were significantly decreased, and the number of fecal grains increased significantly	Liu et al. (2019b)
	Diarrheal irritable bowel syndrome rats	Aerial part/ethanol	TrimebutineMaleate (60 mg/kg) improves diarrhoeal irritable bowel syndrome	in vivo: 200, 400 mg/kg	At the concentration of 400 mg/kg, the extract significantly reduced wall electrical activity and increased NO levels	Ma et al. (2018c)
Affecting the survival rate	dry and hot environment rat	Aerial part/ethanol	—	in vivo: 100, 330, 1,000 mg/kg	Delaying the rise in core body temperature to improve heat tolerance in dry heat tolerance in rats in a dry heat environment	Dong et al. (2019)
Immune regulation	RAW264.7 cells in mice	Secretory/Aqueous	Lipopolysaccharide (1,000 μg/ml) promote macrophage proliferation but are less active than extract (100, 200 μg/ml)	in vitro: 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/ml	Promoting macrophage proliferation and having a positive regulatory effect on immune activity	Han et al. (2017)
	CY and DNCB induced delayed type hypersensitivity of immunosuppression mice	Aerial part/BuOH	—	in vivo: 100, 200, 400 mg/kg	Enhancing the swollen degree of auricle, resisting the atrophy of spleen and thymus and increasing the index of immune organs	Ma et al. (2017)
Anti-tumor	BGC-82, Eca-10, HT-29 and HepG2 cancer cells	Aerial part/ethanol	The IC50 values of Cisplatin for BGC-823, Eca-109, HT-29 and HepG2 cells were 0.019, 0.204, 0.0858, 0.0392	in vitro: 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.156, 0.039 mg/ml	The IC50 values of BGC-823, Eca-109, HT-29 and HepG2 cells were 1.62, 1.32, 1.55 and 1.45 mg/ml respectively	Ma et al. (2015)
	CT26 colon cancer mice		Inhibition rate of 98% in CT26 colon cancer mice by cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg)	in vivo: 100, 200, 1,000 mg/kg	The inhibition rate was 24.8% in the high dose group, 0.06% in the medium dose group and -0.05% in the low dose group in vivo
	Hela, Ht-29, HepG2, BGC823 and KB tumour cells	Aerial part/EtOAc, BuOH, Compound 11, 65, 66, 98 and 167	—	in vitro: 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 μg/ml	inhibiting the proliferation and migration of Hela, Ht-29, HepG2, BGC823 and KB tumour cells in a dose-dependent manner	Ma et al. (2018b)
Anti-neuroinflammatory	LPS-induced N9 cells	Aerial part/ethanol	The IC50 values of minocycline for LPS-induced N9 cells was 19.89	in vitro:/	Compound 3, 4, 32, 37, 170, 171, 54, and 167 showed much stronger anti-neuroinflammatory effects than minocycline	Zhou et al. (2017)