Table 2.
Culture and environment measure descriptions and characteristics.
| Measures | Description | Number of Itemsa |
Administration Time (Minutes) |
Waves Assessed |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Youth | Caregiver | Youth | Caregiver | Youth | Caregiver | ||
| Cultural/Ethnic Group Membership Domain | |||||||
| Vancouver Index of Acculturation-Short | Acculturation/Bi-culturalism | – | 17 | – | 1.5 | – | B, Y2 |
| Acculturation via language proficiency and preference (PhenX) | Language preference & proficiency as acculturation proxy | 5 | 5 | 0.5 | 1 | B, Y1, Y2 | B, Y1, Y2 |
| Native American Acculturation Scale | Tribal affiliation and Native American cultural practices | – | 9 | – | 0.1 | – | B |
| Multi-Group Ethnic Identity-Revised | Racial/Ethnic identity | – | 7 | – | 1 | – | B, Y2 |
| Mexican-American Cultural Values Scaleb | Cultural values of familism, religion, independence, self-reliance | 16 | 28 | 3 | 3.5 | Y2 | B, Y1, Y2 |
| Perceived Discrimination Scale | Perceived discrimination | 11 | – | 1.5 | – | Y1, Y2 | – |
| Proximal Social Environment Domain | – | ||||||
| School Risk and Protective Factors | School environment | 12 | – | 1.5 | – | B, Y1, Y2 | – |
| School Attendance and Grades | School absences, grades, and individual education programs | 2 | 7 | 0.5 | 1.5 | Y2 | Y2 |
| Neighborhood Safety (PhenX) | Neighborhood safety & crime | 1 | 3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | B, Y1, Y2 | B, Y1, Y2 |
| Community Cohesion (PhenX) | Community cohesion, control, and collective efficacy | – | 10 | – | 2 | – | Y2 |
| Social Interaction Domain | |||||||
| Family Environment Scale (PhenX)c | Family relationships, personal growth, maintenance, and change | 9 | 54 | 1 | 5 | B, Y1, Y2 | B, Y1, Y2 |
| Acceptance Subscale from CRPBI-Shortd | Parental warmth & acceptance of primary caregivers | 5 | – | 1 | – | B, Y1, | – |
| Parental Monitoring | Parental/caregiver monitoring | 5 | – | 1 | – | B, Y1, Y2 | – |
| SDQ Prosocial Behavior | Youth's prosocial behavior | 3 | 3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | B, Y1, Y2 | B, Y1, Y2 |
| Peer Behavior Profile: Prosocial & Delinquent Peer Involvement | Peer involvement in prosocial and rule-breaking activities | 6 | – | 0.5 | – | Y2 | – |
| Peer Network Health Protective Scale | Close friends' protective behaviors | 6 | – | 1 | – | Y2 | – |
| Wills Problem Solving | Approaches to deal with problem situations | 6 | – | 1 | – | Y1 | – |
Note. B = Baseline. Y1 = 1-Year follow-up. Y2 = 2-Year follow-up. CRPBI = Children's Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory. SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.
a
Number of items includes all items administered rather than solely those included in subscale analyses.
b
Youth completed two out of the five subscales.
c
Six subscales; youth only completed the Conflict subscale, but across all three waves; caregivers completed the Conflict subscale across all three waves and the remaining five subscales at the 2-year follow-up.
d
Youth reported on both caregivers if they identified a second adult who cares for them a significant amount of the time.