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Counterfactual difference in affective wellbeing between 2019 and 2001 for a given level of income. The difference (Δ) in predicted affective wellbeing between 2019 and 2001 for the same n = 14,459 individuals. Values below zero on the y-axis indicate lower affective wellbeing predictions using the 2019 model compared to using the 2001 model. The smoothed overlay (solid line) indicates how the average affective wellbeing changes across the income distribution.
