Table 2.
Characteristics of the main members in Sulfolobales.
| Species | Cell shape/diameter (μm) | Temp. and pH for growth | DNA G+C content (mol%) | Anaerobic growth (S0/Fe3+/S2O32−) | Autotrophic growth-aerobic (S0/S4O62−/pyrite) | Utilization of complex organics | Utilization of sugars | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfolobus | ||||||||
| Sulfol. acidocaldarius | L 0.8–1.0 |
55–80°C (opt. 70–75°C) pH 1.0–5.9 (opt. 2.0–3.0) |
36.7 | – | Pyrite (w) | Y.E./Pep./Try. /C.A. |
D-glucose/starch/sucrose | Brock et al., 1972; Sakai and Kurosawa, 2018 |
| Sulfol. yangmingensis | L 0.8–1.5 |
65–90°C (opt. 80°C) pH 2.0–6.0 (opt. 4.0) |
42 | ND/− | S0/K2S4O6/FeS | Y.E. | D-arabinose/D-glucose/D-galactose/lactose/D-mannose/maltose/raffinose/sucrose | Jan et al., 1999; Sakai and Kurosawa, 2018 |
| Sulfol. tengchongensis | IC 1.0–1.2 |
65–95°C (opt. 85°C) pH 1.7–6.5 (opt. 3.5) |
34.4 | – | S0 | Y.E./Try. | D-arabinose/D-fructose/D-galactose/D-xylose/maltose/sucrose | Xiang et al., 2003 |
| Metallosphaera | ||||||||
| M. sedula | IC 0.8–1.2 |
50–80°C (opt. 75°C) pH 1.0–4.5 (opt. 2.5) |
45 | – | S0/S4O62−/pyrite/sphalerite/chalcopyrite | Y.E./Pep./Try./C.A./B.E. | – | Huber et al., 1989; Auernik and Kelly, 2008; Peng et al., 2015 |
| M. prunae | IC 1.0 |
55–80°C (opt. 75°C) pH 1.0–4.5 (ND) |
46 | – | S0/pyrite/sphalerite/chalcopyrite | Y.E./Pep./B.E. | – | Fuchs et al., 1995 |
|
M. hakonensis (formally Sulfol. hakonensis) |
L 0.9–1.1 |
50–80°C (opt. 70°C) pH 1.0–4.0 (opt. 3.0) |
46.2 | – | S0/S4O62−/FeS/H2S | Y.E. | – | Takayanagi et al., 1996; Kurosawa, 2003 |
| M. cuprina | IC 0.9–1.0 |
55–75°C (opt. 65°C) pH 2.5–5.5 (opt. 3.5) |
42 | – | S0/S4O62−/pyrite | Y.E./Pep./Try./C.A./B.E. | D-glucose/D-xylose/L-arabinose | Liu et al., 2011a,b |
| M. tengchongensis | IC 1.0–1.2 |
55–75°C (opt. 70°C) pH 1.5–6.5 (opt. 3.5) |
41.8 | – | S0/S4O62−/pyrite | Y.E./Pep./Try. /C.A./B.E. |
– | Peng et al., 2015 |
| Sulfuracidifex | ||||||||
|
Sulfura. metallicus (formally Sulfol. metallicus) |
C/IC 1.5 |
50–75°C (opt. 65°C) pH 1.0–4.5 (opt. 2–3) |
38 | – | S0/pyrite/sphalerite/chalcopyrite | Y.E. | Glycogen | Huber and Stetter, 1991; Sakai and Kurosawa, 2018; Itoh et al., 2020 |
| Sulfura. tepidarius | IC 1.0–1.8 |
45–69°C (opt. 65°C) pH 0.4–5.5 (opt. 3.5) |
42.4 | – | S0/FeS/FeS2/S4O62−/chalcopyrite | Y.E./Pep./Try./C.A. | Glucose/maltose/lactose/sucrose/fructose/glycogen/galactose/ | Itoh et al., 2020 |
| Sulfodiicoccus | ||||||||
| Sulfod. acidiphilus | IC 0.8–1.5 |
50–70°C (opt. 65–70°C) pH 1.4–5.5 (opt. 3.0–3.5) |
52 | – | – | Y.E./Pep./Try./C.A./B.E. | Arabinose/glucose/xylose/lactose/maltose/sucrose/raffinose/galactose | Sakai and Kurosawa, 2017 |
| Acidianus | ||||||||
| A. infernus | IC 0.5–2 |
65–96°C (opt. 90°C) pH 1.0–5.5 (opt. 2.0) |
31 | S0 +H2 S0 +H2S |
S0 | – | – | Segerer et al., 1986; Plumb et al., 2007 |
|
A. brierleyi (formally Sulfol. brierleyi) |
IC 1–1.5 |
45–75°C (opt. 70°C) pH 1.0–6.0 (opt. 1.5–2) |
31 | S0 +H2S Fe3+ +H2S |
S0/Fe2+ | Y.E./Pep./Try. /C.A./B.E. |
– | Segerer et al., 1986; Plumb et al., 2007 |
|
A. ambivalens (formally Desulfurolobus ambivalens) |
IC NA |
NA-87°C (opt. 80°C) pH 1.0–3.5 (opt. 2.5) |
32.7 | S0 +H2 S0 +H2S |
S0 | – | – | Plumb et al., 2007 |
| A. tengchongenses | C 1.2 |
55–80°C (opt. 70°C) pH 1.0–5.5 (opt. 2.5) |
38 | S0 +H2 | S0/S2O32− | – | – | He et al., 2004 |
| A. manzaensis | C 0.5–0.8 |
60–90°C (opt. 80°C) pH 1.0–5.0 (opt. 1.2–1.5) |
29.9 | Fe3+ +S0 Fe3+ +H2 |
S0 | Y.E./Pep./Try. /C.A./B.E. |
glucose/lactose/mannose/sucrose | Yoshida et al., 2006 |
| A. sulfidivorans | IC 0.5–1.5 |
45–83°C (opt. 74°C) pH 0.35–3.0 (opt. 0.8–1.4) |
31.1 | S0 +H2S Fe3+ +H2S |
S0/Fe2+/pyrite/chalcopyrite/arsenopyrite | Y.E./M.E. | ND | Plumb et al., 2007 |
| Sulfurisphaera | ||||||||
| Sulfuri. ohwakuensis | C 0.9–1.3 |
60–91°C (opt. 84°C) pH 1.5–6.0 (opt. 2.0) |
32.9 | S0 +H2 Fe3+ +Y.E. |
S0/S4O62−/pyrite/FeS | Y.E./Pep./Try. /C.A./B.E. |
– | Kurosawa et al., 1998; Tsuboi et al., 2018 |
| Sulfuri. javensis | IC 0.9–1.3 |
60–90°C (opt. 80–85°C) pH 2.5–6.0 (opt. 3.5–4.0) |
30.6 | S0 +H2 Fe3+ +Y.E. |
S0/S4O62−/S2O32−/pyrite/FeS | Y.E./Pep./Try. /C.A./B.E. |
– | Tsuboi et al., 2018 |
|
Sulfuri. tokodaii (formally Sulfol. tokodaii) |
IC 1.0–1.3 |
60–96°C (opt. 80°C) pH 1.5–6.0 (opt. 2.5–3.0) |
32.8 | Fe3+ +Y.E. | S0/S4O62−/pyrite/FeS | Y.E./Pep./Try. /C.A./B.E. |
D-glucose/D-galactose/D-fructose/lactose/maltose/sucrose/sorbose/raffinose | Suzuki et al., 2002; Tsuboi et al., 2018 |
| Saccharolobus | ||||||||
| Sa. solfataricus (formally Sulfol. solfataricus) | IC 0.8–2.0 |
50–87°C (opt. 87°C) pH 3.5–5.0 (opt. 4.5) |
35.8 | Fe3+ +Y.E. | – | Y.E./Pep./Try./C.A. | D-arabinose/D-glucose/D-galactose/L-arabinoseD-mannose/lactose/maltose/raffinose/starch/sucrose | Zillig et al., 1980; Sakai and Kurosawa, 2018 |
| Sa. shibatae (formally Sulfol. shibatae) | IC 0.7–1.5 |
55–86°C (opt. 81°C) pH 1.5–6.0 (opt. 3.0) |
35 | Fe3+ +Y.E. | Pyrite(w) | Y.E./Pep./Try./C.A. | D-arabinose/D-glucose/D-mannose/lactose/maltose/raffinose/starch/sucrose/L-arabinose | Grogan et al., 1990; Sakai and Kurosawa, 2018 |
| Sa. caldissimus | IC 0.8–2.2 |
65–93°C (opt. 85°C) pH 1.5–6.0 (opt. 3.0) |
31.7 | Fe3+ +Y.E. | Pyrite | Y.E./Pep./Try./C.A. | D-arabinose/D-glucose/D-galactose/D-mannose/lactose/maltose/raffinose/starch/sucrose/L-arabinose | Sakai and Kurosawa, 2018 |
| Stygiolobus | ||||||||
| S. azoricus | C/IC 0.5–1.8 |
57–89°C (opt. 80°C) pH 1.0–5.5 (opt. 2.5–3.0) |
38 | S0 | – | – | – | Segerer et al., 1991 |
| Sulfurococcus | ||||||||
| Sulfuro. yellowstonii | C NA |
40–80°C NA |
44.6 | NA | S0/Fe2+/sulfide minerals | NA | NA | Karavaĭko et al., 1994 |
C, cocci; IC, irregular cocci; L, lobed; w, weakly; ND, no data; −, negative; NA, original detailed data not available; Y.E., yeast extract; Pep., peptone; Try., tryptone; C.A., casamino acids; B.E., beef extract; and M.E., meat extract.