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. 2021 Oct 14;15:762297. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.762297

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effect of melatonin and morphine on GLT-1 mRNA expression (A). Morphine treatment decreased GLT-1 mRNA expression compared to the control and melatonin group; however, melatonin treatment in (morphine + melatonin) restored GLT-1 mRNA expression. Effect of melatonin and morphine on NF-κB mRNA expression (B). Morphine treatment decreased NF-κB mRNA expression compared to the control and melatonin group; however, melatonin treatment in (morphine + melatonin) reduced NF-κB mRNA expression. Effect of melatonin and morphine on BDNF (C) and CREB (D) mRNA expression. Morphine treatment decreased BDNF and CREB mRNA expression compared to the control and melatonin group; however, melatonin treatment in (morphine + melatonin) restored BDNF and CREB mRNA expression (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001). MOR, morphine; MEL, melatonin; GLT-1, glutamate transporter-1; CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor.