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. 2021 Oct 14;12:744868. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.744868

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Copyright © 2021 Liu, Liu, Deng, Li and Nie

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanisms of diabetic wound healing difficulties. Wound healing is a complex array of multiple processes, many of which are mediated by growth factors. Six mechanisms make it difficult for diabetic patients to heal wounds. These include excessive oxidative; neuropathy; chronic inflammation; decreased angiogenesis; abnormal matrix metalloproteinase and abnormal apoptosis. NO, Nitric oxide; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; AGEs/RAGE, Advanced glycosylated end-products/glycosylated end product receptor; NPY, Neuropeptide Y; NETs, Extracellular traps; IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; Ang1/Ang2, Angiogenin 1/angiogenin 2; PDGF, Platelet-derived growth factor; EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells; TIMP, Metalloproteinase inhibitor; MMPs, Matrix metalloproteinases; Bcl-2, B cell lymphoma-2.