Table 1.
Summary of FGFs related to diabetic ulcer and their characteristics.
| Growth Factor | Alternative Symbol | Associated Cofactor | Receptor Specificity | Major effect | Family | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FGF-1 | aFGF | HSPGs | All FGFRs | Mitogenic for fibroblast and endothelial cells | FGF1 Subfamily | (56) |
| Promotes angiogenesis | ||||||
| FGF-2 | bFGF | HSPGs | FGFR1c,3c,2c,1b,4 | Mitogenic for fibroblast and endothelial cells | FGF1 Subfamily | (57) |
| Induces cells apoptosis | ||||||
| FGF-4 | kFGF | HSPGs | FGFR1c,2c,3c,4 | Stimulates matrix metalloproteinases | FGF4 Subfamily | (58) |
| FGF-7 | KGF | HSPGs | FGFR1b,2b | Mitogenic for keratinocytes | FGF7 Subfamily | (59) |
| Promotes epithelialization | ||||||
| FGF-21 | βKlotho | FGFR1c,3c | Reduces inflammation | FGF15/19 Subfamily | (60) | |
| Promotes re-epithelialization | ||||||
| FGF-23 | αKlotho | FGFR1c,3c,4 | Improves vascular calcification | FGF15/19 Subfamily | (61) |
FGF, fibroblast growth factor; aFGF, acidic fibroblast growth factor; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; kFGF, Kaposi sarcoma fibroblast growth factor; KGF, keratinocyte growth factor; HSPGs, heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans; FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor.