Table 2.

Paired Samples t Tests Comparing Health Before and After the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Outcomes	Women						Men
	N	ΔM	SD	t	df	p	N	ΔM	SD	t	df	p
Wave 4 to Wave 5
Depression	188	−0.75	4.87	−2.10	187	.04	133	0.35	4.28	0.93	132	.35
Sleep problems	188	−0.09	5.13	−0.24	187	.81	133	0.41	3.61	1.30	132	.19
Wave 5 to Wave 5.5
Depression	187	2.56	5.41	6.50	186	.00	138	0.71	5.59	1.49	137	.14
Sleep problems	189	1.01	4.72	2.96	188	.00	137	−0.40	4.19	−1.12	136	.27
General health	189	−0.47	1.79	−3.61	188	.00	136	−0.39	1.69	−2.69	135	.01
Wave 4 to Wave 5.5
Depression	186	1.78	5.85	4.16	185	.00	133	0.99	5.42	2.11	132	.04
Sleep problems	188	0.95	4.86	2.68	187	.01	132	−0.03	4.27	−0.08	131	.94

Note: Boldface type indicates significant effects. Δ = change. Waves 4 and 5 were before the pandemic; Wave 5.5 was after the onset of the pandemic. General health was not assessed at Wave 4, so changes from Wave 4 to Wave 5 and from Wave 4 to Wave 5.5 are not reported. These findings address Research Question 1.