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. 2021 Oct 14;12:726132. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.726132

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Copyright © 2021 Leal, Richet, Guise, Gramaje, Armengol, Fontaine and Trotel-Aziz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The beneficial combination of Bacillus subtilis PTA-271 and Trichoderma atroviride SC1 attenuates the Botryosphaeriaceae dieback symptoms induced in Chardonnay (D–F) and Tempranillo (G–I) rootlings by the Neofusicoccum parvum strain Np-Bt67. One-month pretreated grapevine rootlings with PTA-271, Ta SC1, and both BCA (Bs, Ta, and Bs + Ta) and non-treat plants (Ctl) were inoculated with pathogen mycelium (Np). Non-infected plants were inoculated with sterile medium without pathogen (Control). Compared to healthy asymptomatic rootlings (A, right), the infected symptomatic rootlings showed the typical Botryosphaeria dieback symptoms: full dieback percentage (A left, E), stem external canker (B,E,H) and stem internal necrosis (C,F,I) that were photographed (A–C) and quantified (D–I) at 2.5 months post-inoculation. Data are means ± standard deviation (SD) for at least three independent experiments with 10 biological replicates per treatment. Vertical bars with different letters are significantly different (multiple comparison procedures with Tukey’s test, p < 0.05).