FIGURE 3.

Bacillus subtilis PTA-271 and Trichoderma atroviride SC1 attenuates induced differential expression of defense-related genes in leaves of Chardonnay (A) and Tempranillo (B) rootlings before and after pathogen challenge. Twenty-week-old rootlings untreated or pretreated with PTA-271 or SC1 or both were further infected with sterile PDA plugs (Control, Bs, Ta, and Bs + Ta, respectively) or with mycelium plugs of Np-Bt67 (Ctl + Np, Bs + Np, Ta + Np, and Bs + Ta + Np, respectively). Transcript levels of defense-related genes monitored by qRT-PCR in plant leaves after 4 days of inoculation. Uninfected control of Chardonnay was considered as a reference sample (1× expression level) for both cultivars, and heatmaps represent changes in the transcript expression levels as indicated by the color shading. Data are the means from three representative replicates among five showing the same trends. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between the treatments (ANOVA, Fisher’s LSD post hoc test, α = 0.1). Legends for genes are LOX9, lipoxygenase 9; PR1, pathogenesis-related protein 1; PR2, class I β-1,3-glucanase; GST1, glutathione-S-transferase 1; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; STS, stilbene synthase.