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. 2021 Oct 27;11(10):e051701. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051701

Table 4.

Factors affecting malnutrition in all its forms among the study population using multinomial regression analysis considering normal body weight as reference (N=11 064)

Malnutrition Factors B P value AOR 95% CI for OR
Lower bound Upper bound
Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) Age (years)
 <45 −0.252 <0.001* 0.777 0.696 0.869
 ≥45 Reference
Sex
 Female −0.147 0.050 0.863 0.745 1.000
 Male Reference
Education
 Literate −0.346 <0.001* 0.707 0.634 0.789
 Illiterate Reference
Marital status
 Married −0.396 <0.001* 0.673 0.542 0.835
 Unmarried Reference
Occupation
 Housewife −0.037 0.634 0.964 0.828 1.122
 Employed 0.316 0.001* 1.371 1.133 1.659
 Unemployed Reference
Red meat intake
 Yes −0.141 0.019* 0.869 0.772 0.977
 No Reference
Added salt intake
 Yes 0.327 <0.001* 1.387 1.249 1.540
 No Reference
Physical inactivity
 Yes 0.142 0.028* 1.152 1.016 1.308
 No Reference
Inadequate fruit/vegetable intake
 Yes 0.030 0.614 1.030 0.917 1.157
 No Reference
Overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2) Age (years)
 <45 −0.039 0.477 0.961 0.862 1.072
 ≥45 Reference
Sex
 Female 0.581 <0.001* 1.788 1.511 2.115
 Male Reference
Education
 Literate 0.547 <0.001* 1.727 1.532 1.948
 Illiterate Reference
Marital status
 Married 0.775 <0.001* 2.170 1.601 2.942
 Unmarried Reference
Occupation
 Housewife 0.205 0.011* 1.228 1.049 1.438
 Employed −0.108 0.407 0.897 0.695 1.159
 Unemployed Reference
Red meat intake
 Yes 0.252 <0.001* 1.287 1.152 1.438
 No Reference
Added salt intake
 Yes −0.378 <0.001* 0.685 0.619 0.758
 No Reference
Physical inactivity
 Yes 0.017 0.813 1.017 0.886 1.167
 No Reference
Inadequate fruit/vegetable intake
 Yes −0.181 0.002* 0.835 0.745 0.935
 No Reference

*Significant at a threshold of p<0.05.

AOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index.