Table 2.
Summary of ozone effects on on circulating metabolites and tissue gene expression in rats fed ND or CO-, FO-, or OO-enriched diets.
| Metabolic process | Biological indicators | Ozone effect: ND | Ozone effect: CO | Ozone effect: FO | Ozone effect: OO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperglycemia | Baseline glucose | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Glucose intolerance | Glucose tolerance test | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑↑ |
| Cholesterolemia | Total cholesterol | ↑ | ↑ | -- | ↑ |
| LDL cholesterol | ↑ | -- | -- | ↑ | |
| HDL cholesterol | -- | -- | -- | ↑ | |
| Stress response | BCAA | ↑ | ↑ | -- | -- |
| Total fatty acids | -- | ↑ | -- | -- | |
| Leptinemia | Serum leptin | -- | ↑ | ↑ | -- |
| Liver: cholesterol biosynthesis | Hmgcs1, Ppargc1a, and Nr1h3 expression | ↓ | -- | -- | -- |
| Liver: fatty acid synthesis, oxidation | Acaca and Acacb expression | -- | ↑ | -- | -- |
| Liver: energy homeostasis and fat metabolism | Crat expression | -- | -- | ↑ | -- |
| Liver: insulin-mediated glucose transport | Akt1 expression | -- | -- | -- | ↑ |
| Adipose tissue: oxidative stress senescence, inflammation | Serpine-1, Tlr4, and Retn expression | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ |
| Adipose tissue: triglycerides hydrolysis/metabolism | Pdk4 and Lipe expression | -- | -- | ↑ | ↑ |
| Adipose tissue: glucose uptake/metabolism | Irs1, Slc2a4, Akt1, Akt2, and Pdk4 expression | ↓ | ↓ | -- | -- |
| Adipose tissue: cholesterol biosynthesis | Crat, Srebf2, Acaca, and Ppargc1a expression | ↓ | ↓ | -- | -- |
| Muscle: atrophy, oxidative stress, senescence | Pdk4, Serpine-1, and Ccr2 expression | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Muscle: energy metabolism | Akt2, Gsk3b, Mtor, and Irs1 expression | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
| Muscle: lipid biosynthesis | Crat, Srebf2, and Hmgcs1 expression | -- | ↓ | -- | -- |
ND = normal diet; CO = coconut oil; FO = fish oil; OO = olive oil; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; BCAA = branched-chain amino acids. Biological processes were predicted based on the functions of a given metabolite or tissue gene expression change. Predicted increases and decreases are indicated by an “↑” or “↓” arrows, respectively, and no significant impact is indicated by “—“. Note that diet effects in air-exposed rats are not emphasized in this table.