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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Popul Res Policy Rev. 2020 Sep 26;40(5):1085–1117. doi: 10.1007/s11113-020-09615-6

Wave 1 (10 months old)
Population Healthful Mostly healthful, unfavorable sleep Unfavorable food/ smoking Generally unfavorable

Population share 28% 19% 31% 22%
Bottle to bed (not water) 0.28 0.09 0.12 0.41 0.48
Breastfed for 6+ months 0.31 0.61 0.56 0.07 0.08
Solid food prior to 4 months 0.23 0.07 0.14 0.35 0.36
Child food insecurity 0.11 0.04 0.11 0.12 0.19
Sleep position on back (newborn) 0.58 0.94 0.25 0.80 0.12
Sleep position on back (3 months) 0.55 1.00 0.05 0.85 0.03
Someone smokes in home 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.19 0.23
Frequency of outside play
 Never/rarely/few times per month 0.22 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.23
 Few times per week 0.31 0.32 0.30 0.32 0.30
 Once per day 0.26 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.22
 More than once per day 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.17 0.25
Wave 2 (2 vears old) Generally healthful Middle Mid, unfavorable food/TV Generally unfavorable

Population share 40% 17% 24% 19%
Safe seat (car/backseat) 0.95 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.84
Regular soda consumption 0.26 0.14 0.12 0.39 0.47
Bottle to bed 0.16 0.07 0.15 0.36 0.14
Child food insecurity 0.09 0.03 0.10 0.12 0.21
Someone smokes in home 0.1 0.01 0.07 0.13 0.30
Spanking 0.44 0.30 0.41 0.36 0.84
Regular dinner
 0-4 days per week 0.24 0.07 0.34 0.26 0.42
 5-6 days per week 0.22 0.22 0.37 0.16 0.17
 7 days per week 0.54 0.69 0.30 0.58 0.41
Frequency outside play
 Never/rarely/few times per month 0.18 0.12 0.34 0.19 0.16
 Few times per week/ once per day 0.61 0.59 0.66 0.61 0.58
 More than once per day 0.21 0.29 0.00 0.19 0.26
Average TV watching per day
 0-<1 0.15 0.23 0.05 0.09 0.17
 1-<2 0.33 0.40 0.43 0.22 0.21
 2-<3 0.24 0.23 0.36 0.19 0.22
 3+ 0.27 0.14 0.17 0.49 0.40

Source: ECLS-B

Notes: Accounts for complex survey design. Wave 1 N≈10,200. Wave 2 N≈8950.