Figure 1.

The emerging world EVs.

Circulating EVs contain nucleic acid, protein, lipid and cellular organelle cargo such as mitochondria. The future of EVs will likely involve their use as biomarkers, biologic agents, and drug delivery vehicles. EV surface markers and cargo may be used to predict disease risk or progression. EV biologics such as mesenchymal stem cell EVs (MSC-EVs) show efficacy across a range of immune disorders. EVs can be modified or loaded with mRNAs, siRNAs, or small molecules to allow for targeted delivery to cells of interest. EVs may be given intravenously (i.v.) or intramuscularly, as well as in over the counter or home prescription formulations as intranasal sprays or aerosol inhalers. EVs: Extracellular vesicles.