Table 1.
Details of the studies included in the systematic review. All risk factors of post-RIRS infectious complications identified in univariate analyses are listed. Factors found significant in multivariate analyses are bolded
| Study | Sample size | Technique variations | Mean operative time (min.) | Type/grade of infectious complications and morbidity | Risk factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhong et al. [7], 2015 | 260 | srURS | 45 | SIRS – 8.1% | Stone size Irrigation rate Stone composition UAS caliber Gender Irrigation volume |
| Fan et al. [8], 2015 | 227 | Prestenting | 75 | SIRS/Fever – 8.4% | Operative time Pyuria Infection stones Stone size |
| Berardinelli et al. [9], 2016 | 403 | Gravity irrigation (40–60 cm H2O) Multicenter study |
62 | SIRS/Fever – 7.7% | Coronary heart disease Hyperlipidemia Anticoagulation Residual stones |
| Alezra et al. [10], 2016 | 325 | No details | 75 | Fever – 7.4% | Antibiotics within a week prior to surgery Stone >14 mm Operative time >70 min |
| Xu et al. [11], 2018 | 322 | srURS Irrigation with pressure- -controlling pump |
36 | Fever – 13.4% | Operative time Irrigation rate (+) urine culture Stone size |
| Li et al. [12], 2018 | 337 | Prestenting | 57 | Fever – 17.5% SIRS – 6.5% |
Operative time Diabetes mellitus Preoperative elevated CRP Stone size (+) stone culture Pelvic urine culture |
| Senocak et al. [13], 2018 | 492 | Gravity + manual irrigation | 57 | Fever/SIRS – 8.5% | (+) urine culture Operative time Diabetes mellitus Stone size |
| Demir et al. [14], 2019 | 189 | Prestenting in 30% Operative time <120 min. |
58 | Fever/SIRS – 10.5% | Operative time ASA score 3 Stone size |
| Baseskioglu [15], 2019 | 111 | Gravity irrigation (40 cmH2O) | 49 | Fever – 12.6% | Preoperative UTI Comorbidities |
| Ozgor et al. [16], 2019 | 494 | srURS Gravity irrigation (<100 cm H2O) No manual pump |
49 | Fever/SIRS – 6.3% | Operative time >60 min. Age ≤40 Renal abnormality |
| Mi et al. [17], 2020 | 216 | Prestenting srURS |
57 | SIRS – 9.7% | Operative time (+) urine culture Stone size UAS size |
| Baboudjian et al. [18], 2020 | 604 | Irrigation with pressure- -controlling pump (60–70 cmH2O) |
61 | Fever – 6.7% | Operative time UTI history (+) urine culture >1 species Gender (female) Stone size History of antibiotics |
| Zhang et al. [19], 2020 | 602 | srURS Irrigation unknown |
62 | Fever – 10.6% SIRS – 7.1% |
Operative time Stone >20 mm (+) urine culture |
| Peng et al. [20], 2020 | 1493 | Syringe manual irrigation | 30 | Fever – 4.9% Sepsis – 0.5% Septic shock – 0.3% |
Gender Urine test (+) Infection stone Postoperative neutrophil ratio >75% |
| Jian et al. [21], 2020 | 1095 | Prestenting “Control of time and irrigation pressure” |
– | Fever – 2.8% | Operative time >30 min. (+) nitrites (+) urine culture Albumin/Globulin ratio |
| Kazan et al. [22], 2020 | 289 | srURS Gravity irrigation (<100 cmH2O) |
60 | UTI – 6.9% | Operative time (+) nitrites UTI history |
| Kim et al. [23], 2021 | 150 | Gravity irrigation | 74 | Fever – 11.3% | Preoperative pyuria |
RIRS – retrograde intrarenal surgery; srURS – ureter inspection with a semi-rigid ureteroscope prior to RIRS; SIRS – systemic inflammatory response syndrome; UAS – ureteral access sheath; UTI – urinary tract infection