Table 4.

Strength of evidence for independent predictors of infectious complications after retrograde intrarenal lithotripsy

Strong evidence
Operative time
Parameters related to urinary tract infection (positive urine culture/history of infection or antibiotics before surgery)
Moderate evidence
Comorbidity indices or selected comorbidities
Irrigation – type and rate
Ureteral access sheath – presence and size
Emerging evidence
Urinalysis: pyuria/nitrites
Stone composition: struvite/infection stone
Not investigated in multivariate analyses
Surgical experience
Long ureteral stent dwell time