Table 3.
Trauma-related and nephrotoxic exposure-related factors amongst admitted adult trauma patients in Malawi by development of AKI
| Potential Trauma-related and Nephrotoxic-related Factors | Total | AKI | No AKI | p-values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 223 | 32 (14.4) | 191 (85.7) | ||
| Time of Presentation to Hospital | ||||
| Day of the week (weekend, Saturday-Sunday) | 42 (18.8) | 6 (18.8) | 36 (18.9) | 1.0 |
| Time of day (Daytime: 08:00–16:00)a | 70 (31.4) | 12 (37.5) | 58 (30.4) | 0.4 |
| Type of Traumaa | ||||
| Road Traffic Injury | 120 (53.8) | 16 (50.0) | 104 (54.5) | 0.6 |
| Assault | 55 (24.7) | 8 (25.0) | 47 (24.6) | 1.0 |
| Fall | 22 (9.9) | 3 (9.4) | 19 (9.9) | 1.0 |
| Collapsed Structure | 13 (5.8) | 2 (6.3) | 11 (5.8) | 1.0 |
| Burn | 8 (3.6) | 3 (9.4) | 5 (2.6) | 0.09 |
| Other | 3 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.6) | 1.0 |
| Kampala Trauma Score (mean, std)a | 14.5 (1.1) | 14.1 (1.7) | 14.5 (1.1) | 0.6 |
| Primary Location of Traumaa | 1.0 | |||
| Head/Neck | 66 (29.6) | 9 (28.1) | 57 (29.8) | |
| Face | 30 (13.5) | 5 (15.6) | 25 (13.1) | |
| Trunk | 34 (15.2) | 5 (15.6) | 29 (15.2) | |
| Extremity | 91 (40.8) | 12 (37.5) | 79 (41.4) | |
| Multiple injuries vs single injuriesa | 128 (57.4) | 22 (68.8) | 106 (55.5) | 0.1 |
| All Trauma Locationsb | ||||
| Head/Neck | 82 (36.8) | 10 (31.3) | 72 (37.7) | 0.6 |
| Face | 56 (25.1) | 8 (25.0) | 48 (25.1) | 0.9 |
| Trunk | 62 (27.8) | 12 (37.5) | 50 (26.2) | 0.1 |
| Extremity | 139 (62.3) | 21 (65.6) | 118 (61.8) | 0.5 |
| Injury occurred < 24 h prior to arrivala | 184 (82.5) | 30 (93.8) | 154 (80.6) | 0.1 |
| Drinking water sourcea | 0.4 | |||
| River/lake | 15 (6.7) | 2 (6.3) | 13 (6.8) | |
| Community pipe/Bore Hole | 123 (55.2) | 14 (43.8) | 109 (57.1) | |
| Piped (exterior) | 51 (22.9) | 6 (18.8) | 45 (23.6) | |
| Piped (interior) | 28 (12.6) | 6 (18.8) | 22 (11.5) | |
| other | 2 (0.9) | 1 (3.1) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Medications taken in preceding 7 days | 70 (31.4) | 9 (28.1) | 61 (31.9) | 0.7 |
| Herbal remedies taken in previous 7 days | 33 (14.8) | 4 (12.5) | 29 (15.2) | 1.0 |
| CT scan during admissiona | 5 (2.2) | 1 (3.1) | 4 (2.1) | 0.5 |
All expressed as N and column percent except where specified
Categories are mutually exclusive except where specified
AKI Acute kidney injury. KDIGO criteria used to define AKI and MDRD-4 equation estimated baseline creatinine
a Missing variables for time of presentation (n = 1), type of trauma (n = 2), Kampala Trauma Severity Score (n = 129, majority missing due to a lack of documented respiratory rate, 105 of 129), primary injury location (n = 2), single vs multiple injuries (n = 2), injury timing (n = 3), drinking water source (n = 4), CT scan (n = 15)
bMultiple categories allowed. Missing data on 1 participant