Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 28.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Cardiol Rep. 2015 Aug;17(8):65. doi: 10.1007/s11886-015-0620-x

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Focal delivery of an adenoviral vector expressing Tbx18 and GFP (adeno-CMV-Tbx18-IRES-eGFP) into the apex of guinea pig hearts in vivo generates ectopic ventricular beats [24••]. Representative electrocardiograms of GFP- or Tbx18- injected guinea pig (a and b, respectively). Downward (negative) deflection in ECG recording on lead II after methacholine injection (0.05 mg/ml) revealed ectopic pacemaker activity originating from the ventricle with wide QRS complexes in Tbx18-injected guinea pigs (b). In contrast, GFP-injected guinea pigs (n=7) exhibited antegrade, junctional rhythm with narrow QRS complexes (a). No retrograde, ectopic beats with wide QRS complexes were observed in GFP-injected guinea pigs. (Adapted from: Kapoor N, Liang W, Marban E, Cho HC. Direct conversion of quiescent cardiomyocytes to pacemaker cells by expression of Tbx18. Nature Biotechnology. 2013;31(1):54–62. doi:10.1038/nbt.2465) [24••]