Table 1.
Autosomal genes and loci controlling sex-biased responses to infection in mouse.
| Pathogen | Locus/Gene | Chromosome | Cross/Strain | Trait (phenotype) controlled | Sex effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viruses | ||||||
| Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus | Tmevd6 | 1 | BALB/c x DBA/2J | virus-induced demyelination | opposite effects on females and males | (102) |
| Tmevd7 | 5 | BALB/c x DBA/2J | virus-induced demyelination | males | (102) | |
| Tmevd8 | 15 | BALB/c x DBA/2J | virus-induced demyelination | males | (102) | |
| Tmevd9 | 1 | BALB/c x DBA/2J | virus-induced demyelination | females | (102) | |
| mousepox/ectromelia | Rmp-4 | 1 | C57BL/6 x D2 | virus titer in spleen and liver, survival | males | (103) |
| mouse-adapted influenzaH3N2/HK/1/68 | NNI1 | 2 | C57BL/6J x A/J | survival | females | (104) |
| NNI2 | 17 | C57BL/6J x A/J | survival | males | (104) | |
| herpes simplex virus 1 | Hrl | 6 | BALB/c x 129S6 | survival | males | (105) |
| reovirus - T3D | Lrrk2- knockout | 15 | C57BL/6 | mortality from encephalitis | females - increased mortality in knockouts | (106) |
| Bacteria | ||||||
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | NNCH1 | 5 | C57BL/6J x A/J | chlamydial burden in lungs | females | (107) |
| NNCH2 | 17 | C57BL/6J x A/J | chlamydial burden in lungs | stronger effects on males | (107) | |
| Salmonella typhimurium | Lrrk2- knockout | 15 | C57BL/6 | bacterial replication in spleen | female knockouts higher bacteria replication than WT; knockin of pG2019S mutation lower bacteria replication than WT, stronger effect on females | (106) |
| Parasites | ||||||
| Leishmania major | Lmr4 | 6 | BALB/c x CcS-9 | parasite load in lymph nodes | males | (108) |
| Lmr14 | 2 | CcS-9 x BALB/c | eosinophil infiltration into lymph nodes | males | (109) | |
| Lmr14 | 2 | BALB/c x CcS-9 | parasite load in lymph nodes | males | (108) | |
| Lmr15 | 11 | BALB/c x CcS-9 | parasite load in lymph nodes | opposite effects on females and males | (108) | |
| Lmr27 | 17 | BALB/c x CcS-9 | parasite load in lymph nodes | males | (108) | |
| Leishmania mexicana | Il4ra CD4+ T cell specific expression | 7 | BALB/c | skin lesions | non-healing phenotype in males | (110) |
| Trypanosoma brucei brucei | Tbbr1 | 3 | BALB/c x CcS-11 | survival | females | (111) |
| Tbbr2 | 12 | BALB/c x CcS-11 | survival | stronger effect on females | (111) | |
| Fungi | ||||||
| Cryptococcus neoformans | Cnes1 | 3 | C57BL/6J x CBA/J | lung fungal burden | females | (112) |
| Cnes2 | 17 | C57BL/6J x CBA/J | lung fungal burden | females | (112) | |
| Cnes3 | 17 | C57BL/6J x CBA/J | lung fungal burden | males | (112) | |
| Worms | ||||||
| Trichuris muris | TM5 | 5 | C57BL/6J x DBA/2 | Serum IFNγ | males | (113) |
The Table summarizes position on chromosome, cross used to map certain locus or mouse genetic background, disease phenotype controlled and sex effect.
Cnes, Cryptococcus neoformans susceptibility; Hlr, herpes resistance locus; Il4ra, interleukin 4 receptor alpha; Lmr, Leishmania major response; Lrrk2, leucine-rich repeat kinase-2; NNCH, not named Chlamydia; NNI, not named influenza; Rmp-4, Resistance mousepox 4; Tbbr, Trypanosoma brucei brucei response; TM, Trichuris muris; Tmevd, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelination.