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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 8.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Aging. 2021 Jul 8;1(7):585–597. doi: 10.1038/s43587-021-00072-0

Fig. 3 |. AP1 activates and persists in glia.

Fig. 3 |

a, Representative z-stacked whole-mount brain showing dsRed pattern in an injured brain (severe dTBI, 1 dpi). Also shown are the pattern of glial and neural membranes in uninjured brains, highlighted using a membrane-targeted GFP variant (mcd8-GFP) expressed under an inducible glial (repoGS aka repoGeneSwitch) or neural-specific (elavGS aka elavGeneSwitch) promoter. Simplified anatomy of the fly brain on the right, as seen in whole mount brain images. b, Representative high-magnification images of the central brain at 1 dpi. Thick, hypertrophic dsRed+ membrane processes are detected throughout the brain. Many dsRed+ cells co-localize with a nuclear glia-specific antibody (repo). c, Ridgeline plot demonstrating the proportion of dsRed+ cells that are glia (repo+), neurons (elav+) or neither (repo−/elav−) in mild (pink) and severe (red) dTBI brains (each point = 1 brain). X-axis indicates the percentage of all dsRed+ cells. Y-axis indicates sample density along the x-axis. d, Representative high-magnification images of the central brain at 15 dpi. dsRed+ processes are thinner and appear fragmented (white arrowheads). dsRed+ repo+ nuclei appear shrunken (blue *). dsRed+ puncta are abundant throughout the neuropil (white arrows). On the left is the whole z-stacked brain, demonstrating the overall pattern of dsRed in late dTBI. e, Ridgeline plot as in c for 15 dpi dTBI brains. All scale bars 100μm.