Table 3. Summary of the intervention details in the included studies.
| Author, year | Interventions | Outcome measurement | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ultrasound guided | Landmark | ||
| Rudas et al., 2014 | Identification of the midline trachea and cricoid ring with the ultrasound longitudinal probe position. Real-time trachea puncture with the out-of-plane technique, between the first and fourth trachea rings. Tracheostomy tube insertion after guidewire insertion and dilation. | Palpation of the anatomical landmarks to locate the puncture site. | First-pass success |
| Complications | |||
| Yavuz et al., 2014 | A radiologist performed a real-time ultrasound-guided trachea puncture through the midline level and introduced the guidewire. Another clinician completed the dilation and tracheostomy placement. | Physical landmarks were used to locate the puncture site. | Total tracheostomy procedure time (min) |
| First-pass success | |||
| Complications | |||
| Kupeli I, 2017 | Long axis: Real-time ultrasound-guided in-plane method. Needle puncture between the first and second trachea rings. |
The space between first and second, or second and third trachea rings was selected by palpation. The inserted puncture needle was directed caudally. Tracheostomy tube insertion was performed after guidewire insertion and dilation. | Total tracheostomy procedure time (min) |
| Tracheostomy tube insertion after guidewire insertion and dilation. | First-pass success | ||
| Short axis: Real-time ultrasound-guided out-of-plane method. Needle puncture between the first and second or the second and third trachea rings. |
Complications | ||
| Tracheostomy tube insertion after guidewire insertion and dilation. | |||
| Dinh et al., 2014 | Obtain the midline position by the ultrasound short-axis technique. Under real-time sonographic guidance in the long-axis view, the needle is inserted into the first or second trachea space, and the guidewire is passed. Place a Shiley number 8 tube after dilation. | Identify the midline trachea by palpation, and make a 1 to 1.5 cm vertical incision inferior to the cricoid cartilage. Select a tracheal ring, introduce the needle, and pass the guidewire. | Total tracheostomy procedure time (min) |
| First-pass success | |||
| Complications | |||
| Place a Shiley number 8 tube after dilation. | |||