Table 2. Comparison of various factors between growth failure and normal growth groups at follow-up 1 in SGA infants and AGA infants by univariate analysis.
| Small for gestational age (N = 551) | Adequate for gestational age(N = 2392) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth failure | Normal growth | P-value | Growth failure | Normal growth | P-value | |
| N = 207 | N = 344 | N = 338 | N = 2054 | |||
| Perinatal factors | ||||||
| Gestational age, week | 30.6±2.8 | 31.8±2.4 | <0.01 | 27.4±2.3 | 28.4±2.1 | <0.01 |
| Birth weight, g | 884±304 | 1113±278 | <0.01 | 954±259 | 1132±240 | <0.01 |
| Male (%) | 117 (56.5) | 167 (48.6) | 0.08 | 192 (56.8) | 1023 (49.8) | 0.02 |
| Caesarean delivery (%) | 194 (93.7) | 314 (91.3) | 0.330 | 258 (76.3) | 1492 (72.6) | 0.17 |
| Multiple gestation (%) | 68 (32.9) | 97 (28.2) | 0.25 | 124 (36.7) | 763 (37.2) | 0.90 |
| IVF (%) | 48 (23.2) | 69 (20.1) | 0.39 | 72 (21.3) | 488 (23.8) | 0.37 |
| Apgar score at 1min | 4.8±2.1 | 5.4±2.0 | <0.01 | 4.0±1.9 | 4.6±1.9 | <0.01 |
| Apgar score at 5min | 7.0±1.7 | 7.5±1.7 | <0.01 | 6.4±1.7 | 6.8±1.7 | <0.01 |
| Rupture of membrane (%) | 19 (9.2) | 42 (12.2) | 0.33 | 129 (38.2) | 865 (42.1) | 0.19 |
| Chorioamnionitis (%) | 38 (18.4) | 52 (15.1) | 0.55 | 115 (34.0) | 687 (33.5) | 0.43 |
| PIH (%) | 80 (38.7) | 199 (57.9) | <0.01 | 47 (13.9) | 322 (15.7) | 0.46 |
| Maternal diabetes (%) | 16 (7.7) | 27 (7.9) | 1.00 | 26 (7.7) | 180 (8.8) | 0.60 |
| Prenatal steroid (%) | 439 (80.5) | 1908 (79.6) | 0.54 | 271 (80.2) | 1658 (80.7) | 1.00 |
| Neonatal factors | ||||||
| Growth failure at discharge (%) | 200 (96.6) | 334 (97.1) | 0.23 | 249 (73.7) | 975 (47.5) | <0.01 |
| Resuscitation (%) | 172 (83.1) | 261 (75.9) | 0.04 | 325 (96.2) | 1861 (90.6) | <0.01 |
| HMD (%) | 131 (63.3) | 169 (49.1) | <0.01 | 313 (92.6) | 1736 (84.5) | <0.01 |
| BPD(≥moderate) (%) | 66 (31.9) | 61 (17.7) | <0.01 | 180 (53.3) | 603 (29.4) | <0.01 |
| PDA ligation (%) | 19 (9.2) | 23 (6.7) | 0.32 | 68 (20.1) | 229 (11.2) | <0.01 |
| IVH (≥grade 3) (%) | 9 (4.4) | 6 (1.7) | 0.102 | 61 (18.1) | 112 (5.5) | <0.01 |
| PVL (%) | 12 (5.8) | 10 (2.9) | 0.12 | 56 (16.6) | 134 (6.5) | <0.01 |
| NEC operation (%) | 4 (1.9) | 6 (1.7) | 0.69 | 23 (6.8) | 45 (2.2) | 0.31 |
| Sepsis (%) | 40 (19.3) | 39 (11.3) | 0.01 | 91 (26.9) | 393 (19.1) | <0.01 |
| Idiopathic perforation (%) | 5 (2.4) | 5 (1.4) | 0.51 | 9 (2.6) | 26 (1.3) | 0.08 |
| ROP treatment (%) | 49 (23.7) | 26 (7.6) | <0.01 | 157 (46.5) | 474 (23.1) | <0.01 |
| Post discharge factors | ||||||
| Oxygen use (%) | 31 (15.0) | 20 (5.8) | <0.01 | 69 (20.4) | 278 (13.5) | <0.01 |
| VP shunt (%) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.3) | 0.56 | 33 (9.7) | 21 (1.0) | <0.01 |
| Both parent as care giver (%) | 147 (71.0) | 258 (75.0) | 0.32 | 261 (77.2) | 1507 (73.4) | 0.14 |
| Attendance of day-care (%) | 51 (24.6) | 119 (34.6) | <0.01 | 73 (21.6) | 667 (32.5) | <0.01 |
| Rehabilitation (%) | 102 (49.3) | 81 (23.6) | <0.01 | 187 (55.3) | 661 (32.2) | <0.01 |
| Readmission (%) | 119 (57.5) | 150 (43.6) | <0.01 | 191 (56.5) | 933 (45.4) | <0.01 |
| Ophthalmologic treatment (%) | 32 (15.5) | 19 (5.5) | <0.01 | 86 (25.4) | 288 (14.0) | <0.01 |
| Mechanical ventilator (%) | 10 (4.8) | 12 (3.5) | 0.50 | 20 (5.9) | 96 (4.7) | 0.34 |
| Tracheostomy (%) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 1.00 | 7 (2.1) | 8 (0.4) | <0.01 |
| Tube feeding (%) | 20 (9.7) | 23 (6.7) | 0.25 | 45 (13.3) | 129 (6.3) | <0.01 |
Abbreviations: IVF, in vitro fertilization; PIH, pregnancy-induced hypertension; SGA, small for gestational age; HMD, hyaline membrane disease; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia: PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; IVH, intravascular hemorrhage; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; VP shunt, ventriculoperitoneal shunt.