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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 28.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Funct Mater. 2021 Feb 4;31(44):2009289. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202009289

Figure 14.

Figure 14.

The working principle of biofuel cells. a) Abiotic biofuel cell, b) enzymatic biofuel cell, and c) microbial fuel cell. The ion exchange membranes are often omitted for implantable and ingestible biofuel cells to simplify the cell structure.