Table 10.

Summary of chemical energy harvester: in vivo examples.

Year	Organism	Location	Fuel	Anode material	Anode modification	Cathode material	Cathode modification	Power	Power density	Output current [Isc]	Output voltage (Voc)[V]	Test period	References
Biofuel cells
1970	Dog	Subcutaneous space	Glucose	Porous noble metal alloy black	–	Pt	–	–	2–4 μW cm−2	19 μA cm−2	0.58	30 days	[356]
1976	Dog	Abdominal cavity	Glucose	Pt black	–	Activated carbon	–	–	4 μW cm−2	0.003 μA cm−2	0.8–0.3	200 days	[417]
2010	Rat	Retroperitoneal space	Glucose	Graphite	Ubiquinone, glucose oxidase, catalase	Graphite	Quinone, hydroquinone, polyphenol oxidase	–	7.52–24.4 μW cm−3	–	0.27–0.22	Several hours	[76]
2010	Rat	Retroperitoneal space	Glucose / Urea	Carbon Felt	Glucose Oxidase, catalase	Carbon Felt	Urease	2.65 μW	–	–	0.265	–	[76]
2012	Clam	Hemocoel/hemolymph	Glucose	Compressed MWCNT	PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase	Compressed MWCNT	Laccase	6.2–37 μW	–	0.120–400 mA cm−2	0.8–0.36	–	[358]
2012	Snail	Hemocoel/hemolymph	Glucose	Compressed MWCNT	PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase	Compressed MWCNT	Laccase	7.45 μW	–	170 μA cm−2	0.530	–	[357]
2012	Cockroach	Hemolymph	Trehalose	Carbon fiber	Trehalase glucose oxidase trehalose	Carbon fiber	Bilirubin oxidase dioxygen	–	55 μW cm−2	460 μA cm−2	<0.2 (Not stated)	–	[359]
2013	Rat	Retroperitoneal space	Glucose	CNT	Glucose oxidase	CNT	Laccase	–	161 μW cm−3	400 μA, 530 μA cm−2	0.55	–	[354]
2013	Lobster	Retroperitoneal space	Glucose		PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase	–	Laccase	160 μW	–	4 mA cm−2	0.54	–	[353]
2013	Rat	Thoracic vein	Glucose	Carbon fiber	Glucose oxidase, neutral red	Carbon fiber	Pt nanoparticles, polyamidoamine dendrimer	–	95 μW cm−2	5 mA cm−2	0.125	–	[366]
2013	Rat	Brain	Glucose	Au/Au nanoparticle	Corynascus thermophilus cellobiose dehydrogenase (CtCDH)	Au/Au nanoparticle	Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (MvBOx)	–	2 μW cm−2	–	0.55	–	[371]
2014	Rat	Retroperitoneal space	Glucose	MWCNT	Glucose oxidase, catalase, 1,4 naphtoquinone	MWCNT	Laccase, chitosan	–	6.2–20.7 μW cm−2, 207 μW cm−3	–	0.32	–	[361]
2018	Rabbit	Abdominal cavity	Glucose	MWCNT	Glucose oxidase, catalase, naphtoquinone	MWCNT	Laccase, chitosan-genipin	–	2–16 nW cm−3	–	0.42–0.18	60 days	[362]
Galvanic cells
1968	Rabbit	subcutaneous space (dorso-lateral thorax and lumbar) regions) and intraperitoneal sites	H2O/H+	Al	–	Platinum black	–	40–60 μW	2–3 μW cm−2	–	0.6–0.7 (peak V)	18–200 days	[376]
1971	Rabbit/dog	Subcutaneous space	H2O/H+	Mg	–	Platinum black	–	46.5–91 μW	1.4–2.8 μW cm−2	1.19–1.85 μA cm−2 (peak V)	0.98–1.65	60 days	[377]
1971	Rat	subcutaneous space	H2O/H+	Al	–	Platinum black	–	74–120 μW	3.0—4.8 μW cm−2	–	1.5	Over 12 months	[378]
1976	Dog	Abdominal cavity	H2O/H+	Al	–	Activated carbon	–	80 μW	–	74 μA, 3 μA cm−2	0.2–0.8	2 years	[417]
2015	Human	Stomach	H+	Mg	–	CuCl	–	–	–	0.1 mA	1.85	1–10 min	[35]
2017	Pig	Stomach	H+	Zn	–	Cu	–	–	23 μW cm−2	–	0.1–0.2 (Peak V)	6.1 days	[78]