Table 2.

Power requirements of implantable and ingestible biomedical electronic devices.

Implantable/Ingestible device	Power requirement	References
Deep brain stimulator (DBS)	100 μW	[104,105]
Spinal cord stimulator	1–10 mW	[104]
Intraocular pressure (IOP) monitor	200 nW–200 μW	[106]
Retinal prosthesis	250 mW	[107]
Cochlear implant	100 μW–10 mW	[105,108,109]
Pacemaker	10–30 μW	[79,102]
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)	50–500 μW	[105]
Implantable blood pressure monitor	Passive
Wireless capsule endoscope	5–30 mW	[110]
Medication adherence monitor	1 mW	[35]
Gastric stimulator	1–30 mW	[111]
Implantable drug delivery system	100 μW–1 mW	[104,105,112]
Artificial urinary sphincter	200 μW	[79,102]