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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 28.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Funct Mater. 2021 Feb 4;31(44):2009289. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202009289

Table 3.

Summary of battery technologies in biomedical field.

Battery type Rechargeability Cathode
material
(+)		 Anode
material
(−)		 Voc
[V]		 Gravimetric
energy density
[mWh g−1]		 Volumetric
energy density
[mWh cm−3]		 Cycle life Self-discharge time Safety Application
Li Nonrechargeable I2, MnO2, CFx, SVO, SoCl2 Li 3.1–3.3 200–500 [136,137] 500–1000 [137] N/A long (10 years) [128] Risk of thermal runaway Implantable electronics
Silver oxide Nonrechargeable Silver oxide Zn 1.6 150–250 [136] 400–800 [136] N/A Long (5–7 years) Free from thermal runaway, hazardous when ruptured Ingestible electronics, Capsule endoscopy, insulin pump
Li-ion Rechargeable LiCoO2, LiFePO4, LiMnxOy, LiNiMnCoO2 Graphite 3.3–3.8 90–240 [136,139,140] 200–700 [136,138] 500–2000 [136] Long (3 years) [128] Protection circuit is mandatory, low toxicity[136] Implantable electronics