Table 2.

Fixed effects of time and group in a Linear Mixed model, with follow-up over 10 years in ASD, ADHD, and TD groups.

ASEBA scale	Internalizing			Externalizing			Total problems
	Estimate	SE	95% CI	Estimate	SE	95% CI	Estimate	SE	95% CI
Main effect of group
TD	0 (ref)			0 (ref)			0 (ref)
ADHD	16.92***	1.80	13.37, 20.48	19.02***	1.75	15.57, 22.46	24.02***	1.56	20.96, 27.07
ASD	23.18***	2.17	18.90, 27.46	18.25***	2.10	14.10, 22.40	26.23***	1.87	22.55, 29.91
ADHD (ref) vs. ASD	6.26**	2.06	2.17, 10.34	−0.77	2.05	−4.83, 3.29	2.21	1.69	−1.12, 5.55
Main effect of time
T1–T2	−1.25	1.33	−3.88, 1.38	−1.09	1.23	−3.52, 1.34	−1.32	1.23	−3.74, 1.10
T2–T3	4.85*	2.18	0.54, 9.16	3.62	1.98	−0.29, 7.53	7.47***	2.15	3.21, 11.72
Interaction group × time (T1–T2)
TD	0 (ref)			0 (ref)			0 (ref)
ADHD	−1.49	1.69	−4.82, 1.85	−3.52*	1.56	−6.59, −0.45	−2.72	1.56	−5.80, 0.35
ASD	−4.38*	2.07	−8.47, −0.29	−7.97***	1.90	−11.73, −4.21	−6.32***	1.91	−10.09, −2.54
ADHD (ref) vs. ASD	−2.89	1.98	−6.82, 1.04	−4.45*	1.89	−8.19, −0.72	−3.58*	1.79	−7.12, −0.05
Interaction group × time (T2–T3)
TD	0 (ref)			0 (ref)			0 (ref)
ADHD	−7.65**	2.81	−13.21, −2.09	−7.45**	2.55	−12.49, −2.41	−10.77***	2.15	−16.26, −5.28
ASD	−8.19*	3.54	−15.19, −1.20	−3.91	3.21	−10.23, 2.42	−9.55**	3.49	−16.44, −2.65
ADHD (ref.) vs. ASD	−0.38	3.71	−7.74, 6.98	3.62	3.34	−3.00, 10.24	1.30	3.41	−5.45, 8.05

Internalizing, externalizing, and total problems = Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; TD, typically developing; T1, baseline; T2, 2-year follow-up; T3, 10-year follow-up.

^*p < 0.05,

^**p < 0.01,

^***p < 0.001.