Figure 2.

SARS-CoV-2 induction of NF-κB and IL-6–JAK–STAT3 signaling leading to over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cytokine storm including IL-6 and GM-CSF. Targeted chemical intervention against JAKs is indicated by numbered diamond. Adapted with modifications from Lim et al.⁹⁷ BRD2/4, Bromodomain-containing protein 2/4; GM-CSF, granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor; IL6, Interleukin 6; JAK, Janus kinase; STAT3, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TGF-β, Transforming growth factor β; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor.