Table 5.
Results of mixed-model ANOVAs for the effects of group (tDCS, MBSAT, PIN-CODES and Sham) and time (pre-intervention, post-intervention, follow-up) on executive functions and craving
| Task | Outcome measures | Source | df | f | pvalue | hp 2 | Pairwise comparisons (Bonferroni) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Accuracy | Time | 2.120 | 44.53 | 0.001* | 0.42 | tDCS ＋ MBSAT > Sham (p < 0.009); tDCS > Sham (p < 0.031) |
| Group | 3.60 | 8.60 | 0.020* | 0.30 | |||
| Time × group | 6.120 | 8.59 | 0.001* | 0.30 | |||
| Response time | Time | 2.120 | 39.64 | 0.001* | 0.39 | tDCS ＋ MBSAT > Sham (p < 0.006) | |
| Group | 3.60 | 5.44 | 0.002* | 0.21 | |||
| Time × group | 6.120 | 5.22 | 0.002* | 0.20 | |||
| WCST | Perseverative errors | Time | 2.120 | 18.21 | 0.001* | 0.23 | tDCS ＋ MBSAT > Sham (p < 0.004) |
| Group | 3.60 | 3.43 | 0.022* | 0.14 | |||
| Time × group | 6.120 | 4.55 | 0.001* | 0.18 | |||
| Completed categories | Time | 2.120 | 18.84 | 0.001* | 0.23 | ||
| Group | 3.60 | 0.449 | 0.719 | 0.10 | |||
| Time × group | 6.120 | 0.319 | 0.926 | 0.01 | |||
| BART | Adjusted value | Time | 2.120 | 44.15 | 0.001* | 0.42 | tDCS ＋ MBSAT > Sham (p < 0.001); MBSAT > Sham (p < 0.041) |
| Group | 3.60 | 3.99 | 0.012* | 0.16 | |||
| Time × group | 6.120 | 3.19 | 0.013* | 0.13 | |||
| Max pumping | Time | 2.120 | 96.75 | 0.001* | 0.61 | tDCS ＋ MBSAT > Sham (p < 0.001); tDCS > Sham (p < 0.005); MBSAT > Sham (p < 0.006) | |
| Group | 3.60 | 6.05 | 0.006* | 0.18 | |||
| Time × group | 6.120 | 6.42 | 0.001* | 0.24 | |||
| Go/No-Go | Accuracy Go | Time | 2.120 | 5.29 | 0.009* | 0.08 | |
| Group | 3.60 | 1.25 | 0.296 | 0.05 | |||
| Time × group | 6.120 | 1.12 | 0.35 | 0.05 | |||
| Accuracy No-Go | Time | 2.120 | 8.63 | 0.001* | 0.12 | tDCS ＋ MBSAT > Sham (p < 0.047) | |
| Group | 3.60 | 3.19 | 0.047* | 0.12 | |||
| Time × group | 6.120 | 1.79 | 0.140 | 0.08 | |||
| Craving | DDQ | Time | 2.120 | 117.44 | 0.001* | 0.66 | tDCS ＋ MBSAT > Sham (p < 0.008); MBSAT > Sham (p < 0.032); tDCS > Sham (p < 0.041) |
| Group | 3.60 | 4.86 | 0.004* | ||||
| Time × group | 6.120 | 12.11 | 0.001* | 0.37 |
tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; PIN-CODES, psychological interventions combined with direct electrical stimulation; MBSAT, mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; BART, Balloon Analog Risk Task; DDQ, Desires for Drug Questionnaire.
Significant results are highlighted (p < 0.05) in asterisk; Note: Only significant pairwise comparisons are shown.