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A working model for IKK activation induced by CD3-CD28 costimulation. CD3-CD28 costimulation induces at least two parallel pathways leading to activation of NF-κB. One pathway involves the activation of signalsomes containing IKKα-IKKβ heterodimers through NIK and Cot (or a Cot-like kinase). The other pathway leads to activation of IKKβ-IKKβ homodimers through the induction of PKC-θ. PLC-γ, phospholipase C-γ.
