Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for Primary Study Variables, Split by Country
| U.S. (n = 217) | Argentina (n = 300) | Australia (n = 254) | Malaysia (n = 323) | U.K. (n = 173) | India (n = 153) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | M (SD), % | M (SD), % | M (SD), % | M (SD), % | M (SD), % | M (SD), % | χ2 (df), p value F-value (df), p value |
| Sex (% female) | 73.6% | 76% | 68% | 77.8% | 82% | 62.7% | 23.49 (5), < .001 |
| Age | 20.09 | 23.25 | 19.55 | 22.16 | 18.88 | 21.46 | 56.3 (5, 1,156), < .001 |
| Median income | $50,000–$75,000/year | $25,000–$50,000/year | $75,000–$100,000/year | $25,000–$50,000/year | $75,000–$100,000/year | Less than $25,000/year | 352.67 (25), < .001 |
| % that pay for their own Internet | 30% | 93.7% | 30.5% | 27% | 10.5% | 67.3% | 483.62 (5), < .001 |
| Intensity | 15.95 (8.82) | 14.28 (8.52) | 14.09 (8.86) | 16.19 (8.49) | 15.47 (8.42) | 14.7 (8.80) | 2.76 (5, 1,394), .02 |
| Breakpoint | 19.65 (25.59) | 18.61 (27.66) | 21.09 (26.29) | 15.25 (26.34) | 21.00 (27.42) | 18.37 (29.51) | 1.73 (5, 1,394), .12 |
| Omax | 41.69 (82.14) | 32.4 (65.75) | 27.18 (45.37) | 24.08 (51.92) | 25.55 (33.92) | 32.66 (61.02) | 2.77 (5, 1,394), .02 |
| Elasticity | .0134 (.0182) | .0202 (.0226) | .0183 (.0205) | .0199 (.0209) | .0163 (.0165) | .0246 (.0262) | 5.68 (5, 1,346), < .001 |
| Delay discounting | .5524 (.2624) | .5571 (.1976) | .4526 (.2481) | .5361 (.3074) | .4411 (.1998) | .6769 (.2903) | 19.61 (5, 1,383), < .001 |
| Activity engagement | 4.52 (1.76) | 3.66 (1.84) | 4.13 (1.71) | 3.50 (1.46) | 3.82 (1.31) | 4.73 (1.83) | 18.80 (1,405), < .001 |
| PIUQ Total | 24.75 (9.44) | 29.05 (8.5) | 30.73 (8.59) | 33.23 (8.51) | 29.76 (7.93) | 31.33 (7.78) | 26.58 (5, 1,380), < .001 |
| SAS Total | 22.97 (9.23) | 26.7 (9.3) | 30.35 (9.71) | 32.76 (9.33) | 27.93 (8.2) | 30.4 (8.72) | — |
| GA Total | 7.07 (3.52) | 7.32 (3.64) | 8.21 (4.2) | 8.33 (4.06) | 7.11 (3.72) | 8.97 (4.42) | 7.73 (5, 1,383), < .001 |
| ISB Total | 0.58 (1.15) | 0.52 (0.94) | 0.65 (1.08) | 1.09 (1.23) | 0.33 (0.85) | 1.02 (1.12) | 17.23 (5, 1,386), < .001 |
Note. M = mean; SD = Standard deviation; df = degrees of freedom; PIUQ = Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire; SAS = Smartphone Addiction Scale; GA = Gaming Addiction Scale; ISB = Compulsive Internet Sexual Behavior Scale.