Table 1.
Sample Characteristics by Gestational Age Group.
| Characteristic | Group 1 (n = 41) | Group 2 (n = 48) | Group 3 (n= 47) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age | 31.9 [1.09] | 34.8 [0.83] | 38.4 [1.25] | |
| Birthweight (grams) | 1778.3 [301] | 2210.9 [470] | 3191.6 [713] | |
| Maternal age | 25.5 [4.97] | 27.75 [5.01] | 28.38 [5.63] | .03 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.2 [8.56] | 32.9 [8.3] | 32.7 [12.7] | .97 |
| Maternal race | .08 | |||
| White | 25 (61%) | 35(73%) | 31(66%) | |
| African American | 13 (32%) | 10 (21%) | 9 (19%) | |
| Asian | 0 | 1 (2%) | 5 (11%) | |
| Other | 3 (7%) | 2 (4%) | 2 (4%) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| non-Hispanic/ Latino | 37 (90%) | 40 (82%) | 46 (96%) | .09 |
| SES (Medicaid) | ||||
| Yes | 31 (76%) | 37 (77%) | 20 (43%) | <.001 |
| History hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 13 (32%) | 20 (42%) | 11 (23%) | .15 |
| History diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 2 (5%) | 8 (17%) | 9 (19%) | .09 |
| Antenatal steroids | ||||
| Yes | 28 (68%) | 19 (40%) | 2 (4%) | <.001 |
| Primigravida | ||||
| Yes | 11 (27%) | 9 (19%) | 17 (36%) | .17 |
| Delivery type | ||||
| Caesarean | 20 (49%) | 33 (69%) | 21 (45%) | .04 |
| Multiple births | ||||
| Yes | 8 (20%) | 4 (8%) | 1 (2%) | .02 |
| Achievement of SA | ||||
| Yes | 41 (100%) | 44 (92%) | 44 (94%) | .18 |
| Skin to skin care episodes | ||||
| Yes | 11 (26%) | 12 (25%) | 9 (19%) | .67 |
| Time from delivery to first expression (hours) | 25.2 [24.82] | 37.1 [41.56] | 38.3 [34.24] | .17 |
| Breastfeeding attempts | 1.77 [1.09] | 3.14 [2.11] | 2.34 [1.99] | .06 |
| Expression frequency | 3.19 [2.5] | 2.84 [2.5] | 2.76 [2.5] | .08 |
Note. Continuous variables reported with mean [standard deviation], ANOVA p value. Categorical variables reported with number (percent), Chi square Exact p-value.
Abbreviations: Body mass index (BMI), Socioeconomic status (SES), Secretory activation (SA).