Table 1:

Diseases associated with uncontrolled inflammation.

Name of the organ	Name of the disease	Dysregulated immune signaling	Reference
Cardiovascular disease	atherosclerosis	Intracellular components TLR-mediated NF-κB signaling via necrotic cells	[40]
Pancreas	Type 2 diabetes	High levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and haptoglobin, sialic acid, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), activation of NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK-STAT pathways	[42]
Pancreas	Pancreatitis	Activation of macrophages, neutrophils, and granulocytes, inflammatory cytokines mediated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) activation	[43]
Kidney	glomerulonephritis, end-stage renal disease, or acute or chronic kidney disease (CKD	Activation of transcription factors (NF-κB or MAPK), DAMPs, and PAMPs, and Nod-like receptors (NLRs).	[49–50]
Liver	alcoholic or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, drug-induced liver injury, and ischemia/reperfusion	DAMPs (during SI) and PAMPs activation and formation of inflammasome, high levels of of IL-1β and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, activation of Kupffer cell leading to hepatocyte damage, and/or cholestasis.	[45–47]
Lung	COPD, asthama	Asthama :Activation and uncontrolled infiltration of macrophage, neutrophil, and T lymphocyte into airways COPD: production of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8) chemokines, oxygen radicals, proteases.	[41]
Intestine	Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD)	CD: IFN-γ/IL-17 and IL-12/IL-23 UC: IL-13	[44]