Table 5.

Single variable and multivariable MR results of the genetic liability of alcohol, cannabis and lifetime smoking exposures on pneumonia risk.

Outcome	Exposure	Single-variable MR					Multivariable MR
		N SNPs	OR	95% CI Lower	95% CI Upper	P-value	N SNPs	OR	95% CI Lower	95% CI Upper	P-value
Bacterial pneumonia
	Tobacco smoking	117	2.22	1.57	3.15	7.32E−06	138	2.14	1.42	3.24	2.84E−04
	Cannabis Use	36	1.05	0.96	1.15	0.268	142	0.97	0.84	1.12	0.685
	CUD	27	1.05	0.98	1.13	0.145	138	1.02	0.93	1.12	0.648
	Drinks Per Week	33	1.17	0.72	1.89	0.530	142	1.19	0.78	1.83	0.416
	AUD	11	1.04	0.95	1.14	0.426	138	1.01	0.93	1.08	0.892
All Pneumoniae
	Tobacco smoking	115	1.52	1.22	1.88	1.34E−04	134	1.46	1.15	1.85	0.002
	Cannabis Use	34	1.01	0.96	1.06	0.833	136	1.03	0.95	1.12	0.439
	CUD	27	1.05	1.01	1.09	0.014	134	0.98	0.94	1.04	0.544
	Drinks Per Week	31	0.97	0.76	1.24	0.814	136	0.96	0.75	1.23	0.750
	AUD	11	1.05	1.00	1.11	0.056	134	1.01	0.97	1.05	0.625
Viral Pneumonia
	Tobacco smoking	117	1.66	0.53	5.17	0.386	138	1.70	0.44	6.52	0.443
	Cannabis Use	36	1.07	0.81	1.41	0.638	142	1.34	0.84	2.15	0.221
	CUD	27	1.00	0.78	1.28	0.993	138	0.90	0.67	1.20	0.479
	Drinks Per Week	33	2.24	0.60	8.43	0.232	142	1.27	0.32	5.04	0.736
	AUD	11	1.13	0.85	1.51	0.409	138	1.09	0.85	1.39	0.501

Notes: Results from two sample SVMR inverse-variance weighted MR analysis; outliers identified by MR PRESSO global test and, for MVMR, MV MR Lasso penalization were removed; estimated associations reported as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Boldface indicates statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons (P < 0.000714). Genetic instruments selected from 5 GWASs, selection threshold P < 5 × 10⁻⁸ or P < 5 × 10⁻⁶ (CUD and AUD), clumped at linkage disequilibrium (LD) r² = .001 (10 000 kilobase pair window); N SNPs differs across outcomes depending on number of genetic instruments found in outcome GWASs. CUD cannabis use disorder, AUD alcohol use disorder, MR Mendelian randomization, GWAS genome wide association study, N SNPs number of single-nucleotide polymorphism (genetic instruments), OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.