Table 1.
Widely-referenced methods of sphingolipid analysis
| Publications | Characteristics | Organism | Detection methods |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al., 2006 | distinguished six LCBs: t18:1(Z), t18:1(E), t18:0, d18:1(Z), d18:1(E), d18:0 |
A. thaliana | HPLC-MS |
| Markham and Jaworski, 2007 | distinguished eight LCBs with 10 fatty acyl chain (168 species): four free LCBs (d18:0, d18:1, t18:0, t18:1) and four phosphorylation forms 40 ceramides (four LCBs linked to c16:0, c18:0, c20:0. c20:1, c22:0, c22:1, c24:0, c24:1, c26:0, c26:1) 40 hCers; 40 GlcCers with hydroxy fatty acyl chains 40 GIPCs with hydroxy fatty acyl chains |
A. thaliana | HPLC/ESI-MS/MS |
| Buré et al., 2011 | distinguished eight GIPC LCBs: t18:1(8Z); t18:1(8E); t18:0; d18:1(4E); d18:1(8E); d18:2(4E,8Z); d18:2(4E,8E); d18:0 |
A. thaliana (Col-0 and Landsberg erecta) N. tabacum |
GC/MS |
| distinguished 25 GIPCs: Glc-GlcA-IPC t18:0 and t18:1 with hydroxy and non-hydroxy fatty acyl chains | A. thaliana (Col-0 leaves) | MALDI-MS and ESI-MS/MS | |
| distinguished 54 GIPCs: Glc-GlcA-IPC; Hex-Glc-GlcA-IPC; (Ara)2-Hex-Glc-GlcA-IPC; (Ara)3-Hex-Glc-GlcA-IPC; (Ara)4-Hex-Glc-GlcA-IPC: t18:0 and t18:1 with hydroxy and non-hydroxy fatty acyl chains |
A. thaliana (Landsberg erecta cells) | ||
| distinguished 121 GIPC: GlcN-GlcA-IPC; GlcNAc-GlcA-IPC; Hex-GlcN-GlcA-IPC; Hex-GlcNAc-GlcA-IPC; Ara-Hex-GlcN-GlcA-IPC; Ara-Hex-GlcNAc-GlcA-IPC; Ara-(Hex)2-GlcN-GlcA-IPC Ara-(Hex)2-GlcNAc-GlcA-IPC; Ara-(Hex)3-GlcN-GlcA-IPC; Ara-(Hex)3-GlcNAc-GlcA-IPC; (Ara)2-(Hex)3-GlcN-GlcA-IPC; (Ara)2-(Hex)3-GlcNAc-GlcA-IPC. t18:0 and t18:1 with hydroxy and non-hydroxy fatty acyl chains |
N. tabacum | ||
| Kimberlin et al. 2013 | additionally distinguished 40 t20:0-based sphingolipids: t20:0-based Cers, hCers, GlcCers and GIPC | A. thaliana | LC-ESI-MS/MS |
| Cacas et al., 2013 | distinguished GIPCs with different head groups in different plants: Hex-IPC; Hex(R1)-HexA-IPC; Hex-Hex(R1)-HexA-IPC Hex-(HexA)3-IPC; (HexA)4-IPC; PenHexHex(R1)-HexA-IPC (Hex)2Hex(R1)-HexA-IPC; Pen(Hex)2Hex(R1)-HexA-IPC (Pen)2HexHex(R1)-HexA-IPC; Pen(Hex)3Hex(R1)-HexA-IPC (Pen)2(Hex)2Hex(R1)-HexA-IPC; (Pen)3HexHex(R1)-HexA-IPC (Pen)4HexHex(R1)-HexA-IPC |
23 plant species | MALDI-Q-TOF-MS and ESI-MS/MS |
| Tarazona et al., 2015 | detected sphingolipids together with other lipids via an enhanced multiplexed LC-MS platform for broad and in-depth analysis of plant lipids: 31 ceramide species; 24 hexosylceramide species 36 GIPC species |
A. thaliana | UPLC-MS |
| Fang et al., 2016 | detected different monosaccharide compositions of GIPC headgroups, including Ara, GlcN, Gal, Glc, Man, and GlcA | A. thaliana | LC-MS/MS and HPAEC-PAD |
| Cacas et al., 2016 | detected sphingolipids with odd number fatty acyl chains | A. thaliana and N. tabacum | GC-MS |
| detected different monosaccharide compositions of GIPC headgroups | MALDI-TOF-MS | ||
| Ishikawa et al., 2018 | detected 166 sphingolipids with d18:0, d18:1, d18:2, t18:0, t18:1 LCBs | A. thaliana | LC-MS/MS |
| detected 100 sphingolipids (containing odd number fatty acyl chains) | Oryza sativa | ||
| Wang et al., 2020a | Identified a new glycosylsphingolipid with odd number LCBs and fatty acyl chain | Psychotria serpens | NMR and MS (LC-MS, and GC-MS) |
| Ngo et al., 2020 | Identified the new phytosphingolipid markhasphingolipid A | Markhamia stipulata var. canaense V.S. Dang | IR, UV, HR-ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS/MS and NMR |
| Panzenboeck et al., 2020 | Found four GIPCs containing t18:2 in the Rubus idaeus sample | Lactuca sativa var. capitata nidus tenerimma, Spinacia oleracea, Rubus idaeus and Fragaria | RP-HRMS/MS using the open-source program LDA for automated GIPC assignment |
ESI/MS, electrospray ionization MS; ESI-MS/MS, electrospray ionization tandem MS; MS; HPLC/ESI-MS/MS, high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem MS; GC/MS, gas chromatography-MS; MALDI-(Q)-TOF-MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (quadrupole) time-of-flight MS; UPLC-MS, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem MS; IR, infrared spectroscopy; UV, ultraviolet; HPAEC-PAD, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection; HR-ESI-MS/MS, high-resolution electrospray ionization tandem MS; LDA, an open-source software lipid data analyzer.