Table 1.
Background of critical COVID-19 patients.
| IMV/ECMO | Study | Sample size | Location of study | Age mean (SD) or | Male | HTN | DM | Reported treatment (%) | Risk of bias | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR) | GC | TCZ/SAR | HCQ | REM | L/R | Others | ||||||||
| IMV | Abe et al. | 2 | Japan | 64 (4) | 50 | 0 | 100 | ND | 100 | ND | ND | ND | IVIG (100) | 5 |
| IMV | Argenziano et al. | 152 | US | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Barrasa et al. | 20 | Spain | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Beigmohammadi et al. | 7 | Iran | 66.67 (11.47) | 71.43 | 57.14 | 14.23 | ND | ND | 100 | 14.29 | ND | ND | 5 |
| IMV | Bhatraju et al. | 18 | US | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| IMV | Cauchois et al. | 5 | France | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | Anakinra (40) | 7 |
| IMV | Chen et al. | 2 | China | 65 (2) | 100 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| IMV | Christie 3rd et al. | 2 | US | 75 (4.11) | 50 | 100 | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| IMV | Cummings et al. | 163 | US | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Dai et al. | 5 | China | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Dastan et al. | 6 | Iran | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9 |
| IMV | De Luca et al. | 3 | Italy | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | GM-CSF blockade (100) | 9 |
| IMV | Dogan et al. | 4 | Turkey | 45.25 (13.94) | 75 | 50 | 33.33 | ND | ND | 100 | ND | 25 | Plasmapheresis (100) | 6 |
| IMV | Elder et al. | 3 | US | 73.33 (3.77) | 66.67 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5 |
| IMV | Falces-Romero et al. | 5 | Spain | 66.6 (8.36) | 60 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 20 | 100 | 0 | 20 | ND | 5 |
| IMV | Flikweert et al. | 7 | Netherlands | 73 (7.48) | 71.43 | 28.57 | 14.23 | 57.14 | ND | 85.71 | ND | ND | Heparin (100) | 5 |
| IMV | Gavin et al. | 53 | US | ND | 67.92 | 73.58 | 45.28 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Grasselli et al. | 836 | Italy | 68 (62–73) | 83.73 | 59.81 | 21.77 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Grein et al. | 19 | US | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 100 | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Halvatsiotis et al. | 26 | Greece | 65 (53–70) | 80.77 | 46.15 | 30.77 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Hernandez-Romieu et al. | 63 | US | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Kato et al. | 7 | Japan | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Ketcham et al. | 2 | US | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Kewan et al. | 2 | US | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Khullar et al. | 17 | US | 57 (Range 25, 75) | 64.71 | 47.06 | 41.18 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Konopka et al. | 3 | US | 54 (16.5) | 66.67 | 33.33 | 100 | 33.33 | 33.33 | 66.67 | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Krishnan et al. | 92 | US | 71 (10) | 64.13 | 40.22 | 25 | 58.70 | 11.96 | 93.48 | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Kristinsson et al. | 15 | Iceland | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Lê et al. | 2 | France | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| IMV | LeBrun et al. | 3 | US | 89 (3.74) | 66.67 | 100 | 66.67 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Lechien et al. | 15 | Italy | 66.8 (11.97) | 93.33 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Lee et al. | 2 | Singapore | 62.5 (8.5) | 100 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Liu et al. | 42 | China | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Lowe et al. | 2 | US | 59.5 (1.5) | 100 | 50 | 50 | ND | ND | 100 | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| IMV | Maritati et al. | 2 | Italy | 67.5 (4.5) | 50 | 100 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ND | 50 | ND | 5 |
| IMV | Morassi et al. | 4 | Italy | 63.25 (7.36) | 100 | 50 | 25 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5 |
| IMV | Morillas et al. | 3 | US | 62.67 (10.96) | 33.33 | 66.67 | 33.33 | 66.67 | 100 | 100 | ND | 33.3 | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Navarro-Millán et al. | 5 | US | 61.4 (10.13) | 100 | 80 | 60 | 100 | 20 | ND | 0 | ND | Anakinra (100) | 6 |
| IMV | Novelli et al. | 3 | Italy | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Pan et al. | 3 | China | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| IMV | Peng et al. | 7 | China | 56.43 (11.15) | 42.86 | 28.57 | 14.29 | 100 | ND | ND | ND | 100 | ND | 6 |
| IMV | Plotnikow et al. | 37 | Argentina | ND | 81.8 | 32.43 | 29.73 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Radnis et al. | 2 | US | 38 (6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5 |
| IMV | Riker et al. | 2 | US | 72 (2) | 100 | 100 | 0 | ND | ND | 50 | ND | ND | ND | 5 |
| IMV | Rizo-Téllez et al. | 10 | Mexico | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Sakr et al. | 2 | Germany | 57.5 (8.5) | 100 | 50 | 50 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | Heparin (50), Enoxaparin (50) | 5 |
| IMV | Schaefer et al. | 5 | US | 66 (8.80) | 60 | 80 | 80 | ND | ND | 40 | 20 | ND | ND | 5 |
| IMV | Shen et al. | 3 | China | 50.67 (12.47) | 33.33 | 33.33 | 0 | 100 | ND | ND | ND | 100 | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Singh et al. | 4 | US | 52.25 (20.56) | 100 | ND | ND | ND | 100 | ND | ND | ND | CAP-1002 (100) | 6 |
| IMV | So et al. | 7 | Japan | 62.23 (12.48) | 57.14 | 42.86 | 42.86 | 100 | ND | ND | ND | ND | Heparin (100) | 6 |
| IMV | Søvik et al. | 4 | Norway | 70 [Range 62–75] | 100 | 25 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Stony Brook COVID-19 Research Consortium | 87 | US | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Wali et al. | 3 | France | 63.33 (4.71) | 100 | 0 | 33.33 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| IMV | Wang et al. | 97 | China | 70 (62–77) | 76.29 | 71.13 | 30.93 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Wang et al. | 2 | China | 66 (3) | 100 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5 |
| IMV | Weiskopf et al. | 5 | US | 60.6 (3.01) | 60 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 60 | ND | 60 | ND | 6 |
| IMV | Wilk et al. | 2 | US | 49 (15) | 100 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| IMV | Zhang et al. | 12 | China | 71.33 (7.70) | 50 | 58.33 | 16.67 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| IMV | Ziehr et al. | 41 | US | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| ECMO | Akhtar et al. | 18 | UK | 47.3 (9.8) | 88.89 | 55.56 | 55.56 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| ECMO | Alnababteh et al. | 13 | US | 44.54 (9.49) | 61.54 | 38.46 | 30.77 | 30.77 | 69.23 | 76.92 | ND | ND | Anticoagulation (92.31) | 8 |
| ECMO | Beyls et al. | 12 | France | 62 (56-66) | 83.33 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5 |
| ECMO | Charlton et al. | 16 | UK | 47.0 (8.4) | 75 | 12.5 | 6.25 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| ECMO | Dastan et al. | 3 | Iran | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9 |
| ECMO | Falcoz et al. | 17 | France | ND | 94.12 | 52.94 | 17.65 | 47.06 | ND | 47.06 | ND | 94 | ND | 7 |
| ECMO | Goursaud et al. | 2 | France | 58.5 (5.5) | ND | ND | ND | 100 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5 |
| ECMO | Grein et al. | 5 | US | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 100 | ND | ND | 7 |
| ECMO | Guihaire et al. | 24 | France | ND | 83.33 | 20.83 | 20.83 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| ECMO | Guo et al. | 7 | China | 69.29 (6.98) | 85.71 | 57.14 | 28.57 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5 |
| ECMO | Heman-Ackah et al. | 2 | US | 52 (6) | 50 | 50 | 50 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5 |
| ECMO | Huette et al. | 12 | France | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| ECMO | Jäckel et al. | 15 | Germany | 60.8 (54.1–67.0) | 73.33 | 33.33 | 13.33 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| ECMO | Jacobs et al. | 32 | US | 52.41 (12.49) | 68.75 | ND | 34.38 | 15.63 | 18.75 | 3.13 | ND | ND | Anti-viral therapy (18.75) | 8 |
| ECMO | Kon et al. | 27 | US | 40 (30.5–47) | 85.19 | 18.52 | 14.81 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| ECMO | Le Breton et al. | 13 | France | 49.31 (7.45) | 76.9 | 30.77 | 23.08 | 92.03 | 46.15 | 38.46 | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| ECMO | Li et al. | 7 | China | 69.86 (7.57) | 71.43 | 57.14 | 28.57 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| ECMO | Liu et al. | 4 | China | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| ECMO | Liu et al. | 6 | China | ND | ND | ND | ND | 100 | ND | ND | ND | 100 | Arbidol (100) | 8 |
| ECMO | Loforte et al. | 4 | Italy | 49 (8.75) | 100 | ND | ND | ND | 100 | 100 | ND | 66.67 | ND | 6 |
| ECMO | Matsunaga et al. | 31 | Japan | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| ECMO | Miike et al. | 3 | Japan | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| ECMO | Mustafa et al. | 40 | US | 48.4 (1.5) | 75 | 57.5 | 25 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6 |
| ECMO | Osho et al. | 6 | US | 47 (43–53) | 83.33 | 50 | 66.67 | ND | 50 | 100 | 33.33 | 16.67 | ND | 7 |
| ECMO | Ronit et al. | 2 | Denmark | 52.5 (12.5) | 50 | 0 | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5 |
| ECMO | Schmidt et al. | 83 | France | 49 (41–56) | 73.49 | 38.55 | 31.33 | 14.46 | 9.64 | 19.28 | 9.64 | 22.89 | ND | 8 |
| ECMO | Shih et al. | 37 | US | 51 (40–59) | 72.97 | 67.57 | 51.35 | 70.27 | 65.57 | 45.95 | 54.05 | ND | Convalescent plasma (43.24) | 7 |
| ECMO | Sultan et al. | 10 | US | ND | 70 | ND | ND | 40 | 30 | 100 | 40 | ND | ND | 6 |
| ECMO | Usman et al. | 10 | US | 50.7 (47.5–58.8) | 70 | 50 | ND | 50 | 60 | 90 | 20 | 0 | ND | 7 |
| ECMO | Xu et al. | 17 | China | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| ECMO | Xuan et al. | 5 | China | 61.6 (9.18) | ND | 80 | 60 | 80 | ND | ND | ND | ND | IVIG (40) | 5 |
| ECMO | Yang et al. | 21 | China | 58.50 (42.75–67.25) | 57.14 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| ECMO | Zayat et al. | 17 | Germany | 57.0 (53.0, 62.0) | 64.71 | 35.29 | 35.29 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| ECMO | Zeng et al. | 12 | China | 50.9 (13.5) | 91.67 | 8.33 | 8.33 | 83.33 | ND | ND | ND | ND | Anti-viral therapy (100) | 6 |
| ECMO | Zeng et al. | 2 | China | 64.5 (1.5) | 100 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
| ECMO | Zhang et al. | 43 | UK | 46 (35.5–52.5) | 76.74 | 23.26 | 18.60 | ND | ND | 4.65 | 9.30 | ND | Anakinra (23.26) | 8 |
| ECMO | Zhang et al. | 3 | US | 55.67 (11.73) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| ECMO | Zheng et al. | 11 | China | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 |
The total score was calculated based on the study quality assessment tools from the NHLBI.
IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; GC, glucocorticoid; TCZ/SAR, tocilizumab/sarilumab; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; REM, remdesivir; L/R, lopinavir-ritonavir; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; NR, not reported.