TABLE 1.

Means and standard deviations of dependent variables and learner characteristics in Experiment 1.

	Biology				Physics
	Massed		Distributed		Massed		Distributed
Variable	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Dependent variables
Learning outcome (immediate)	5.95	3.19	4.37	2.47	4.76	2.92	2.93	2.93
Learning outcome (delayed)	4.59	2.78	4.07	2.02	3.63	2.05	3.14	1.73
Perceived difficulty	3.38	0.80	3.35	0.72	3.02	0.82	3.01	0.69
Self-predicted success	2.94	0.70	2.73	0.73	2.72	0.68	2.43	0.59
Perceived similarity	3.34	0.67	3.02	0.65	3.35	0.54	2.95	0.75
Perceived learning coherence	2.90	1.16	2.26	0.95	2.92	0.92	2.36	1.10
Domain-specific learner characteristics
Domain-specific prior knowledge	2.78	2.42	2.93	2.32	3.56	1.92	5.19	2.26
Grades	2.56	0.71	2.48	0.89	2.28	0.70	2.29	0.85
Further learner characteristics	Massed				Distributed
	M		SD		M		SD
Reading ability	17.16		5.53		14.09		4.28
Working memory capacity	0.61		0.13		0.54		0.18
Reading strategy knowledge	54.42		9.83		55.11		11.57

All domain-specific variables are provided separately for the domains. Domain was varied within-subjects.