. 2021 Oct 15;8:753843. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.753843

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of participants (mean ± SD).

Variables	G1 (n = 11)	G2 (n = 39)	G3 (n = 31)	G4 (n = 9)	P -value
Consumption (g/day)
Fruit and vegetables	874 ± 321^a	496 ± 308^b	554 ± 290^b	541 ± 224^b	0.007 ^*
Fruit	445 ± 258^a	176 ± 173^b	193 ± 191^b	259 ± 200^b	0.016 ^*
Vegetables	430 ± 153^a	320 ± 201^b	361 ± 159^ab	281 ± 127^b	0.050 ^*
Age (years)	25.4 ± 4.1	28.3 ± 5.6	27.5 ± 4.6	27.1 ± 3.2	0.475^*
BMI (kg/m²)	23.7 ± 2.7	25.4 ± 5.3	24.8 ± 3.7	25.1± 3.5	0.661^*
Sleeping time (h/day)	7.1 ± 0.5	7.2 ± 0.8	7.2 ± 0.8	7.1 ± 1.0	0.944^*
Sitting time (h/day)	9.3 ± 2.2	7.9 ± 2.5	8.0 ± 2.3	8.4 ± 1.8	0.301^*
Physical activity (MET-h/week)	112 ± 52	140 ± 81	146 ± 66	105 ± 24	0.221^*
Current smokers (%)	18	18	23	0	0.492^#
Alcohol consumption (%)
>2–3 times/week	91	87	87	100	0.712^#
≤ 1 times/week or never	9	13	13	0
Supplement use (%)	64	72	65	44	0.484^#
Type of underwear (%)
Briefs and boxer shorts	91^a	71^b	97^a	89^a	0.032 ^#
Shorts	9	29	3	11
Energy intake (kcal/day)	2,527 ± 703	2,417 ± 586	2,583 ± 823	2,340 ± 492	0.841
Blood analysis
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	15.6 ± 0.8	15.5 ± 0.8	15.3 ± 1.0	15.4 ± 0.7	0.687^*
Total testosterone (ng/dl)	564 ± 118	517 ± 147	529 ± 201	435 ± 195	0.243^*
FSH (mlU/ml)	4.9 ± 1.8	5.6 ± 2.0	5.0 ± 2.3	5.3 ± 1.7	0.602^*
Prolactin (ng/dl)	9.6 ± 1.4	9.1 ± 2.8	8.8 ± 3.2	9.9 ± 2.3	0.555^*
hCRP (mg/dl)	1.3 ± 1.0	1.5 ± 1.9	0.8 ± 0.8	0.7 ± 0.3	0.426^*

G1, normozoospermia; G2, asthenozoospermia; G3, asthenoteratozoospermia; G4, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, oligozoospermia, and teratozoospermia; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; hCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MET, metabolic equivalent of task;

Kruskal-Wallis test;

Chi² test;

^{a, b}

different letters indicate statistically significant differences between a group, p-value ≤ 0.05 (Mann–Whitney U-test). The results with P-values of ≤ 0.05 were admitted as statistically significant and were marked in bold cursive.