Table 3.

Detection of 18 selected lipid metabolites as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of PCa with PSA levels at gray zone of 4–10 ng/ml.

Biomarker	FC	VIP	p-Value	AUC (95% CI)	Se (%)	Sp (%)	Trend (cancer)
4-Oxoretinol	0.65	2.71	6.51E−12	0.811 (0.738–0.870)	71.62	77.03	↓***
Anandamide	0.31	2.65	2.27E−22	0.890 (0.828–0.935)	85.14	90.54	↓***
Palmitic acid	0.28	2.59	5.88E−21	0.878 (0.814–0.926)	79.73	91.89	↓***
Glycerol 1-hexadecanoate	0.22	2.56	3.43E−20	0.873 (0.808–0.922)	77.03	93.24	↓***
dl-Dihydrosphingosine	0.59	2.22	5.25E−14	0.838 (0.769–0.893)	74.32	93.24	↓***
2-Methoxy-6Z-hexadecenoic acid	0.25	2.67	1.02E−22	0.889 (0.827–0.935)	82.43	91.89	↓***
3-Oxo-nonadecanoic acid	0.20	2.63	9.70E−22	0.881 (0.818–0.928)	81.08	90.54	↓***
2-Hydroxy-nonadecanoic acid	0.24	2.61	2.98E−21	0.884 (0.821–0.931)	81.08	91.89	↓***
N-Palmitoyl glycine	0.23	2.58	1.60E−20	0.862 (0.795–0.913)	81.08	90.54	↓***
2-Palmitoylglycerol	0.22	2.55	1.06E−19	0.848 (0.780–0.902)	79.73	90.54	↓***
Hexadecenal	0.32	2.51	4.03E−19	0.841 (0.772–0.896)	79.73	90.54	↓***
d-Erythro-sphingosine C-15	0.33	2.37	5.44E−17	0.871 (0.807–0.921)	77.03	90.54	↓***
N-Methyl arachidonoyl amine	0.42	2.30	1.68E−15	0.853 (0.785–0.906)	85.14	75.68	↓***
9-Octadecenal	0.23	2.27	6.16E−15	0.853 (0.786–0.906)	74.32	90.54	↓***
Hexadecyl acetyl glycerol	0.25	2.24	5.78E−14	0.833 (0.763–0.889)	78.38	89.19	↓***
PA(15:1(9Z)/20:0)	0.44	2.14	4.89E−13	0.839 (0.769–0.894)	75.68	89.19	↓***
3Z,6Z,9Z-Octadecatriene	0.27	2.07	2.24E−11	0.800 (0.726–0.861)	81.08	77.03	↓***
Glycidyl stearate	0.22	2.05	1.88E−11	0.804 (0.731–0.865)	79.73	79.73	↓***

Se, sensitivity; Sp, specificity; PCa, prostate cancer; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; FC, fold change; VIP, variable importance in projection; AUC, area under the curve; BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia.

PCa group compared with BPH group, ^*** p < 0.001.