Table 6.
Study | Population | Time period/ wave | Study type and sample size | Objective(s)/Main outcomes | Inclusion criteria | Main findings/Summary |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adults with a psychiatric disorder | ||||||
Lee, S. W. et al., S.W. 2020 | South Korean adult patients with non-affective or affective disorders with psychotic features | Jan 1 - May 15 2020, | Cross-sectional, N = 164,540 individuals without a mental illness (mean age 46.2 years (±18.3) and N = 51,878 with a mental illness (mean age 61.6 years (±19.2) | The associations between mental illness and the likelihood of a positive COVID-19 test result and the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 | Being older than 20 years, presence of a SARS-CoV-2 test during the study period | 1391 (3.0%) people without a mental illness and 1383 (2.9%) of those with a mental illness tested positive for COVID-19. People with a previous diagnosis of a mental illness had the same risk for testing positive for COVID-19 as people with no history of mental illness in a nationwide cohort from South Korea. |
Li, L. et al., L. 2020 | US adults, hospitalized COVID-19 positive patients | Two waves; T1: February 15 - April 25 2020,, and T2: May 27 2020, | Cohort, N = 1685 | The association between having any prior psychiatric diagnosis and COVID-19 related mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | Being hospitalized for COVID-19 | Patients with a prior psychiatric diagnosis while hospitalized for COVID-19 had a higher mortality rate compared those without a psychiatric disorder (hazard ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–1.9; P = 0.003). |
Wang, Q. et al., 2020 | US adult patients | Up to July 2020 | Case-control, N = 61,783,950 | The impact of a recent (within past year) diagnosis of a mental disorder – including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, depression and schizophrenia – on the risk for COVID-19 infection and related mortality and hospitalization rates | Having an electronic health record | Patients with a recent (within past year) diagnosis of a mental disorder had a significantly higher risk for COVID-19 infection as compared to patients without mental disorders, and also present a worse out- come as evidenced by higher rates of hospitalization and death. |
Taquet, M. et al., M. 2021 | US adult patients (anonymised data from electronic health records in 54 health-care organisations in the US) | January 20 - August 1 2020, | Cohort, N = 69.8 million (n = 62,354 with COVID-19, mean age 49.3 years (±19.7), 55.4% female) | Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorders | Having an electronic health record | Survivors of COVID-19 appear to be at increased risk of psychiatric sequelae, and a psychiatric diagnosis might be an independent risk factor for COVID-19. |
Carpiniello et al., 2020 | Italian Community Mental Health Centres (CMHC) and General Hospital Psychiatric Wards (GHPW) | April 1–11 2020 | Cross-sectional, N = 71 (52.9%) of the 134 (MHDs) and N = 107 (32.6%) of the 318 GHPWs | The impact of the current emergency on the activities of the Italian Mental Health Departments | Being included in the list of Mental Health Departments, updated annually by the Italian Society of Psychiatry | The pandemic has led to a drastic reduction in levels of care, which may produce a severe impact on the mental health of the population. |
Robles-Bello et al., 2020 | Spanish adults in a sample affected by the COVID-19 pandemic | April 15–26 2020 | Cross-sectional, N = 1345 (15.57% aged 18–28 years, 17.03% aged 29–39 years, 18.01% aged 40–49 years, 16.95% aged 50–59 years, 17.36% aged 60–69 years, 15.08% aged ≥70 years, 63.35% female) | The level of resilience of the general Spanish population exposed to a traumatic situation by the COVID-19 pandemic | Being 18 years or older, having a Spanish nationality, being a resident in Spain, having read the information sheet and accepted the informed consent, having completed the questionnaire. | The Spanish population exposed to confinement presented high levels of resilience, but no relevant post-traumatic growth took place. Having a higher academic level, being autonomous), along with self-efficacy) and to a lesser extent optimism predicted a resilient outcome. |
Burrai et al., 2020 | Italian adult patients in Residential Rehabilitation Communities and healthy controls | April - May 2020 (precise period unknown) | Cross-sectional, N = 77 psychiatric patients (mean age 46.61 years (±12.81), 33.8% female) and N = 100 healthy controls (mean age 46.40 (±11.52), 50% female) | The psychological and emotional impact of isolation on patients in these psychiatric communities, compared to healthy controls | Being 18 years or older and having a diagnosis of at least one psychotic disorder | Statistically significant differences were observed between psychiatric patients and controls on Anxiety, Stress, Worry, and Risk Perception variables. |
Horn et al., 2020 | French adult patients infected by COVID-19 | March 17 - May 11, 2020 | Cross-sectional, N = 180 (mean age 53.0 (±16.0)) | The prevalence of PTSD in patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 | Having a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, being 18 years or older and being willing to participate | Results showed that 6.5% of the patients presented with probable PTSD. Psychotropic medication, hospitalization, and distress during the acute phase of COVID-19 were significantly associated with the severity of the PTSD symptoms. |
Rutherford et al., 2021 | US adult patients affected by PTSD | April 1 - May 8 2020, | Cross-sectional, N = 76 (N = 46 with PTSD (mean age 62.5 years (±9.0)) and N = 30 trauma-exposed comparison subjects; TE (mean age 67.4 (±9.4)) | PTSD symptoms, social isolation and loneliness among older adults with PTSD compared to TEs | Being 50 years or older, being currently diagnosed with PTSD, having a PTSD duration of at least 6 months, having a Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5) score ≥33, having a score of ≥25 on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) | PTSD symptoms significantly declined among PTSD participants relative to TEs. Sources of resilience may exist based on experience with prior traumas as well as increasing age promoting more adaptive coping styles. |
Pinkham, A. et al., 2020 | US adult patients affected by severe mental illness | April 3, - June 4 2020, | Longitudinal, N = 148 (N = 92 with schizophrenia spectrum illnesses and N = 56 with affective disorders) | To compare the severity of pre-pandemic symptoms and affective experiences to current symptoms | Having a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder (I or II) with or without psychotic features or major depression with psychotic features | There were no significant changes in mood experiences or psychotic symptoms over time, and sleep duration was also unaffected. |
Ma et al., 2020 | Chinese adult schizophrenic patients medically isolated from 10 January 2020 to 30 April 2020, due to having close contact with COVID-19 patients at Wuhan Mental Health Center (aged between 20 and 70 years old) | January 10 - April 30 2020, | Cross-sectional, N = 30 patients with schizophrenia were recruited from Wuhan Mental Health Center (isolation group) N = 30 patients matched with the isolation group recruited from another branch of Wuhan Mental Health Center as controls | To explore the impact of social isolation due to COVID on common inflammatory indicators and psychological characteristics | Having been in close contact with COVID-19 patients, not having a COVID-19 infection after isolation and screening, having been medically isolation for ≥ 14 days, being diagnosed with schizophrenia in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diagnostic criteria (DSM-VI), being hospitalizatized for ≥2 years before isolation, being between 20 and 70 years old | Social isolation led to worse anxiety and sleep quality. No effect on inflammatory parameters. |
Pan et al., 2021 | Dutch adults with and without depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders (three cohorts:1) the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), 2) the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons (NESDO), and 3) the Netherlands Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Association Study (NOCDA) |
April 1 - May 13 2020, | Longitudinal, NESDA: N = 2329 individuals with a depression or anxiety disorder, N = n = 652 controls NESDO: N = 378 individuals with a depressive disorder, N = 132 controls NOCDA: N = 419 individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder |
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in people with pre-existing mental health disorders | NESDA: being aged 18=65 years; NESDO: being 60 years or older; NOCDA: being 18 years or older | Although people with depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders scored higher on all four symptom scales than did individuals without these mental health disorders, both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, they did not report a greater increase in symptoms during the pandemic |
Tanaka & Okamoto, 2021 | Japanese general population | February - June 2020 (first wave of pandemic) and July - October 2020 (second wave of pandemic) | Cross-sectional, N = 126 million (data derived from suicide statistics published by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare) | Suicide mortality during the pandemic in the Japanese population | Unknown | The suicide rate declined substantially during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (February to June 2020), but increased rapidly during the second outbreak (July to October 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic affected almost every community and citizen concurrently. |
Nomura et al., 2021 | Japanese general population | December 2010-September 2020 (precise period unknown, montly mortality data was obtained from the National Police Agency) | Cross-sectional, N: Unknown | Suicide mortality during the pandemic in the Japanese population | Unknown | For women, excess deaths of 110.00–160.75 (percent excess 22.08–32.26) were observed in July 2020, 96.00–163.56 (19.34–32.95) in August 2020, and 95.00–161.00 (19.83–33.61) in September 2020. No excess deaths from suicide were observed before 2020. For men, no excess deaths were found during the same period. |
Sáiz et al., 2020 | General Spanish population aged 18 and older | March 19 −26 2020 | Cross-sectional, N = 21,207 (mean age 39.7 years (±14.0), 69.6% female) | The prevalence of passive suicidal ideation in a sample of the general Spanish population early in the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown factors associated with suicidal thoughts | Being 18 years or older | Being of female sex, married or living as married, and working were protective factors against passive suicidal ideation while risk factors were very low income, having elderly dependents, and having a personal history of past/current mental disorder. |
Iob, E. et al., 2020 (144) | UK general population (COVID-19 Social Study) | March 21- April 20 2020, | Cross-sectional, N = 44,775 (17.5% aged 18–29 years, 23.2% aged 30–44, 26.9% aged 45–49, 32.4% aged >60 years, 51.0% female) | Patterns of abuse, self-harm and thoughts of suicide/self-harm in the UK during the first month of the COVID-19 pandemic | Presence of data on abuse, self-harm and thoughts of suicide or self-harm on at least one occasion | The reported frequency of abuse, self-harm and thoughts of suicide/self-harm was higher among women, Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups and people experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage, unemployment, disability, chronic physical illnesses, mental disorders and COVID-19 diagnosis. |
Children and adolescents with a psychiatric disorder | ||||||
Graell et al., 2020 | Patients undergoing treatment in the outpatient clinic, day hospital, and the inpatient program of the Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders Unit (CAEDU) of the Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús in Madrid. | March 16 - May 10, 2020 | Cross-sectional, N = 365 (1818 outpatient consultations; 73.10% remotely and 26.9% face‐to‐face) | The efficacy of a combined teletherapy program aimed at allowing continuity of care for children and adolescents with an eating disorder | Undergoing treatment in the Eating Disorders unit at the time of state-decreed confinement and during the 8-week lockdown period | Almost half of the children and adolescents studied experienced reactivation of eating disorder symptoms despite treatment, and severe patients (25%) presented self‐harm and suicide risk, |
Nissen et al., 2020 | Danish children and adolescents, newly diagnosed with OCD (clinical group) and Danish children and adolescents who were diagnosed years ago and completed their primary treatment (survey group) | April–May 2020 (precise period unknown) | Cross-sectional, N = 65 (first sample, clinical group, mean age 14.9 (±2.66)); N = 37 (second sample, survey group, mean age 14.14 years (±2.79)) | The immediate effect of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) | Having been diagnosed with OCD | In both samples, but with an effect more pronounced in the survey group, participants experienced a worsening of their OCD, anxiety, and depressive symptoms |
Tanir et al., 2020 | Turkish children and adolescents who had been diagnosed with OCD | September 2019 to April 2020 (precise period unknown) | Cross-sectional, N = 61 (mean age 13.62 years (±2.72), 44.3% female) | The effects of COVID-19 pandemic and related confinement on symptom profile, symptom severity and exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | Being diagnosed with OCD and having a Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) score from before the pandemic period | Young subjects with OCD developed additional symptoms and worsen already existing symptoms of OCD during COVID-19 pandemic. There was a significant relationship between the change in CY-BOCS scores with talking/searching in the social environment about COVID-19, daily preoccupation about COVID-19, duration of OCD diagnosis and diagnosis of COVID-19 in someone familiar. |
Zhang, J. et al., 2020 | Chinese children with ADHD diagnosis | Not specified | Cross-sectional, N = 241 (mean age 9.43 years (±2.39), 19.5% female) | Mental health related conditions of children with ADHD during the COVID-19 outbreak | Being diagnosed with ADHD | During the COVID-19 outbreak, children's ADHD symptoms worsened significantly compared to normal state. Data were reported by parents, and medication status was not known. |
Colizzi et al., 2020 | Italian children with ASD | April 6–20 2020 | Cross-sectional, N = 527 (mean age 13.0 years (± 8.1)) | The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) individuals | Being diagnosed with ASD by healthcare professionals affiliated with the Veneto Autism Spectrum Disorder Regional center at the Integrated University Hospital of Verona | The COVID-19 outbreak increased difficulties among autism spectrum disorder individuals. |
Turkoglu et al., 2020 | Turkish drug-naive children diagnosed with ASD | May 7–14 2020 (during the fifth week following commencement of home confinement) | Cross-sectional, N = 46 (mean age 7.89 years ()range 4–17 years), 17.39% female) | The relationship between chronotype preference/sleep problems and symptom severity of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) during the confinement and social isolation of the COVID-19 outbreak | Being diagnosed with ASD and having been regularly monitored and received conventional assessment forms during the 2 months before the commencement of home confinement |
ASD exhibited significantly greater sleep problems and chronotype score (eveningness) during the home confinement period compared to non-home confinement. Children with ASD forced into home confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic showed also increased ASD symptoms. |
Mutluer et al., 2020 | Turkish individuals with ASD (aged 3–29 years old) | Not specified | Cross-sectional, N = 87 (mean age 13.96 years (±6.1), 17% female) | Response of individuals with ASD to COVID-19 in terms of comprehension and adherence to implemented measure and changes in their behavioural problems | Having been diagnosed with ASD according to DSM-5 criteria by child psychiatrists with over 10 years of experience in ASD | ASD-related behaviours, sleep quality, and hypersensitivity changed significantly from before the pandemic to during the pandemic. COVID-19 inflicted important challenges to individuals with ASD and their caregivers. |