Table 7.

The impact of COVID-19 on stress resilience and mental health in COVID-19 patients.

Study	Population	Time period/Wave	Study type and sample size	Objective(s)/Main outcomes	Inclusion criteria	Main findings/Summary
Janiri et al., 2021	Italian patients who presented to the emergency department with COVID-19 and recovered from COVID-19 infection	April 21 - October 15 2020,	Cross-sectional, N = 381 (mean age 55.26 years (± 14.86), 43.6% female)	PTSD prevalence after severe COVID-19 infection	Having to meet PTSD criteria, in addition to traumatic event exposure (criterion A), having at least 1 DSM-5 criterion B and C symptom and at least 2 criterion D and E symptoms	A PTSD prevalence of 30.2% was observed after acute COVID-19 infection. Associated characteristics were female sex, history of psychiatric disorders, and delirium or agitation during acute illness. In the PTSD group, more persistent medical symptoms, were often reported by patients after recovery from severe COVID-19.
Zhang, J. et al., 2020	Chinese adult patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19	March 3 –5 2020	Cross-sectional, N = 296 (2.7% aged 18–20 years, 53.0% aged 21–40 years, 40.5% aged 41–60 years, 3.7% aged ≥ 61 years, 41.6% female)	Resilience, anxiety and depression among patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19	Being diagnosed with COVID-19, having stayed in FangCang Hospital and received relevant treatment (e.g., oxygen therapy and antiviral therapy), being 18 years or older, not having a history of mental illness, a severe cognitive impairment and/or audiovisua impairment, poor physical condition, or having participated in other relevant studies	A small number of the patients in this study had above threshold anxiety and depression. The mean total resilience score of the participants was slightly below the normal level of ordinary Chinese adults. Resilience was inversely associated with and was a protective factor for both anxiety and depression.