Table 8.
Interindividual differences in stress resilience: implications for the pandemic.
| Study | Population | Time period/Wave | Study type and ample size | Objective(s)/Main outcomes | Inclusion criteria | Main findings/Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Riehm et al., 2021 | US adults | Ten waves; baseline: March 10–31 2020 and nine follow-up waves conducted between April 1 - August 4 2020, | Longitudinal, N = 6008 (12.3% aged 18–29 years, 39.5% aged 30–49 years, 27.2% aged 50–64 years, 20.9% aged ≥65 years, 51.0% female, 64.1% White 11.6% Black, 15.5% Hispanic/Latino, 8.8% other) | The association between resilience and trajectories of mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic | Being a participant of the Understanding America Study (UAS) | 16.6% of the participants reported low resilience, 66.2% reported normal resilience, and 17.2% reported high resilience. Trajectories of mental distress varied markedly by resilience level during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, with adults reporting low or normal levels of resilience experiencing approximately a twofold increase in the odds of mental distress, whereas adults reporting high resilience reported no change in mental distress. |
| Zager Kocjan et al., 2021 | Slovene adults | March 2020 (precise period unknown) | Cross-sectional, N = 2722 (mean age 36.40 years (±13.10), 74.90% female) | Resilience, personality traits and psychological functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic | Unknown | Resilience fully or partially mediated the relationship of all the Big Five personality traits (except extraversion) with psychological functioning. |
| Kimhi et al., 2020 | Jewish Israelis | Unknown | Cross-sectional, N = 1346 (mean age 42.00 years (±16.35), 62.0% female) | To investigate the extent to which individual resilience, well-being and demographic characteristics may predict two indicators of Coronavirus pandemic: distress symptoms and perceived danger | Unknown | Significant negative correlations were found between individual/community resilience and sense of danger (−0.220 and −0.255 respectively; p < .001) and distress symptoms (- 0.398 and −0.544 respectively; p < .001). Individual resilience and well-being showed to be the first and foremost predictors of COVID-19 anxiety. |
| Ran et al., 2020 | Chinese citizens | February 23 - March 2 2020, | Cross-sectional, N = 1770 (mean age 28.70 years (±10.64), 666.9% female | The relationship between psychological resilience and mental health (depression, anxiety, somatization symptoms) among the general population in China | Being a citizen of the different provinces of China affected by COVID-19 from February 23 2020, to March 2 2020,, not being diagnosed with emotional or mental disorders, not being a newly diagnosed or suspected COVID-10 patient, not having had, not being a medical (COVID-19) staff member, not having a family member affected by COVID-19 | The prevalence of depression, anxiety, somatization symptoms was found to be 47.1%, 31.9%, 45.9%, respectively. Psychological resilience was negatively correlated with depression (standardized β = −0.490, P < 0.001), anxiety (standardized β = −0.443, P < 0.001), and somatization symptom scores (standardized β = −0.358, P < 0.001), while controlling for confounding factors.. |
| Petzold et al., 2020 | German general population | March 27 – April 6 2020, | Cross-sectional, N = 6509 (mean age 36.2 years (±11.65), 70.1% female) | The negative impact on mental health in the current COVID‐19 pandemic | Being of 18 years or older, being a resident in Germany, being able to complete the questionnaire in German | Over 50% expressed suffering from anxiety and psychological distress regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| Bozdag, F. & Ergun, N., 2020 | Turkish healthcare workers | April 6 – 10 2020 | Cross-sectional, N = 214 (mean age 33.29 years (6.82±), 56.1% female) | Psychological resilience of healthcare workers | Unknown | Differences between psychological resilience of women and men were statistically significant. Having children and being a doctor negatively predicted psychological resilience. Occupation, worry about becoming infected by the virus and quality of sleep significantly predicted the psychological resilience of healthcare professionals. |
| Killgore, W. D. S. et al., 2020 | US adults aged 18–35 years old | April 9–10 2020 | Cross-sectional, N = 1013 (age range 15–35 years, 55.97% female) | Loneliness in the US Population, related to COVID-19 | Unknown | Loneliness was elevated, with 43% of respondents scoring above published cut-offs, and was strongly associated with greater depression and suicidal ideation. |
| Xin et al., 2020 | Chinese students (26 universities in 16 Chinese cities) | February 1–10 2020 | Cross-sectional, N = 24,378 (mean age 19.9 years (±1.6), 67.7% female) | The associations between mandatory quarantine status and negative cognitions and mental health | Being a full-time students of one of the selected universities, and being able to read and write Chinese | Mandatory quarantined status was significantly and positively associated with perceived discrimination (Cohen's d = 0.62), perceived high/very high risk of infection (OR = 1.61), emotional distress (Cohen's d = 0.46), probable depression (OR = 2.54), and self-harm/suicidal ideation (OR = 4.98). |
| Varma et al., 2020 | Adults from 63 countries | April 9 - May 25 2020, | Cross-sectional, N = 1653 (mean age 42.90 years (± 13.63), 67.7% female, 61.2% Caucasian of Caucasian mixed, 20.2% Asian or Asian Indian, 3.6% Hispanic or Latino, 1.7% African or African American, 2.0% self-described) | The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological distress | Unknown | Over 70% of the respondents had greater than moderate levels of stress, with 59% meeting the criteria for clinically significant anxiety and 39% reporting moderate depressive symptoms. |