Riehm et al., 2021 |
US adults |
Ten waves; baseline: March 10–31 2020 and nine follow-up waves conducted between April 1 - August 4 2020, |
Longitudinal, N = 6008 (12.3% aged 18–29 years, 39.5% aged 30–49 years, 27.2% aged 50–64 years, 20.9% aged ≥65 years, 51.0% female, 64.1% White 11.6% Black, 15.5% Hispanic/Latino, 8.8% other) |
The association between resilience and trajectories of mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic |
Being a participant of the Understanding America Study (UAS) |
16.6% of the participants reported low resilience, 66.2% reported normal resilience, and 17.2% reported high resilience. Trajectories of mental distress varied markedly by resilience level during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, with adults reporting low or normal levels of resilience experiencing approximately a twofold increase in the odds of mental distress, whereas adults reporting high resilience reported no change in mental distress. |
Zager Kocjan et al., 2021 |
Slovene adults |
March 2020 (precise period unknown) |
Cross-sectional, N = 2722 (mean age 36.40 years (±13.10), 74.90% female) |
Resilience, personality traits and psychological functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic |
Unknown |
Resilience fully or partially mediated the relationship of all the Big Five personality traits (except extraversion) with psychological functioning. |
Kimhi et al., 2020 |
Jewish Israelis |
Unknown |
Cross-sectional, N = 1346 (mean age 42.00 years (±16.35), 62.0% female) |
To investigate the extent to which individual resilience, well-being and demographic characteristics may predict two indicators of Coronavirus pandemic: distress symptoms and perceived danger |
Unknown |
Significant negative correlations were found between individual/community resilience and sense of danger (−0.220 and −0.255 respectively; p < .001) and distress symptoms (- 0.398 and −0.544 respectively; p < .001). Individual resilience and well-being showed to be the first and foremost predictors of COVID-19 anxiety. |
Ran et al., 2020 |
Chinese citizens |
February 23 - March 2 2020, |
Cross-sectional, N = 1770 (mean age 28.70 years (±10.64), 666.9% female |
The relationship between psychological resilience and mental health (depression, anxiety, somatization symptoms) among the general population in China |
Being a citizen of the different provinces of China affected by COVID-19 from February 23 2020, to March 2 2020,, not being diagnosed with emotional or mental disorders, not being a newly diagnosed or suspected COVID-10 patient, not having had, not being a medical (COVID-19) staff member, not having a family member affected by COVID-19 |
The prevalence of depression, anxiety, somatization symptoms was found to be 47.1%, 31.9%, 45.9%, respectively. Psychological resilience was negatively correlated with depression (standardized β = −0.490, P < 0.001), anxiety (standardized β = −0.443, P < 0.001), and somatization symptom scores (standardized β = −0.358, P < 0.001), while controlling for confounding factors.. |
Petzold et al., 2020 |
German general population |
March 27 – April 6 2020, |
Cross-sectional, N = 6509 (mean age 36.2 years (±11.65), 70.1% female) |
The negative impact on mental health in the current COVID‐19 pandemic |
Being of 18 years or older, being a resident in Germany, being able to complete the questionnaire in German |
Over 50% expressed suffering from anxiety and psychological distress regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. |
Bozdag, F. & Ergun, N., 2020 |
Turkish healthcare workers |
April 6 – 10 2020 |
Cross-sectional, N = 214 (mean age 33.29 years (6.82±), 56.1% female) |
Psychological resilience of healthcare workers |
Unknown |
Differences between psychological resilience of women and men were statistically significant. Having children and being a doctor negatively predicted psychological resilience. Occupation, worry about becoming infected by the virus and quality of sleep significantly predicted the psychological resilience of healthcare professionals. |
Killgore, W. D. S. et al., 2020 |
US adults aged 18–35 years old |
April 9–10 2020 |
Cross-sectional, N = 1013 (age range 15–35 years, 55.97% female) |
Loneliness in the US Population, related to COVID-19 |
Unknown |
Loneliness was elevated, with 43% of respondents scoring above published cut-offs, and was strongly associated with greater depression and suicidal ideation. |
Xin et al., 2020 |
Chinese students (26 universities in 16 Chinese cities) |
February 1–10 2020 |
Cross-sectional, N = 24,378 (mean age 19.9 years (±1.6), 67.7% female) |
The associations between mandatory quarantine status and negative cognitions and mental health |
Being a full-time students of one of the selected universities, and being able to read and write Chinese |
Mandatory quarantined status was significantly and positively associated with perceived discrimination (Cohen's d = 0.62), perceived high/very high risk of infection (OR = 1.61), emotional distress (Cohen's d = 0.46), probable depression (OR = 2.54), and self-harm/suicidal ideation (OR = 4.98). |
Varma et al., 2020 |
Adults from 63 countries |
April 9 - May 25 2020, |
Cross-sectional, N = 1653 (mean age 42.90 years (± 13.63), 67.7% female, 61.2% Caucasian of Caucasian mixed, 20.2% Asian or Asian Indian, 3.6% Hispanic or Latino, 1.7% African or African American, 2.0% self-described) |
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological distress |
Unknown |
Over 70% of the respondents had greater than moderate levels of stress, with 59% meeting the criteria for clinically significant anxiety and 39% reporting moderate depressive symptoms. |