Table 1.

Sedative, anti-anxiety and anti-depressive effects of C. sativum and linalool

Extract/Component	Type of study	Doses	Results	Ref.
Aqueous fresh leaves	Traditional medicine	-	Anxiety relieving and insomnia treating.	(Mir, 1992 ▶)
Aqueous fresh leaves	Traditional medicine	-	Anxiety relieving and insomnia treating.		(Duke, 2002 ▶)
Aqueous seed extract	Elevated plus maze in mice	10, 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, i.p.	Increasing the time spent on elevated plus maze open arms motor activity and neuromuscular function impairments.	(Emamghoreishi et al., 2005 ▶)
Aqueous seed extract	Pentobarbital-induced hypnosis in mice	100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg, i.p.	200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of the extract prolonged duration of sleeping time.	(Emamghoreishi and Heidari-Hamedani, 2015 ▶)
Hydroalcoholic seed extract	Pentobarbital-induced hypnosis in mice	100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg, i.p.	400 and 600 mg/kg of the extract increased duration of sleeping time	(Emamghoreishi and Heidari-Hamedani, 2015 ▶)
Essential oil of seed	Pentobarbital-induced hypnosis in mice	100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg, i.p.	Only 600 mg/kg of essential oil of seeds increased duration of sleeping time	(Emamghoreishi and Heidari-Hamedani, 2015 ▶)
Aqueous leaves extract	Elevated plus maze in mice	50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.	200 mg/kg of the extract increased the time spent on and the number of entries into the open arms	(Pathan et al., 2011 ▶)
Hydroalcoholic seed extract	Induced anxiety in mice	50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.	Similar to 0.5 mg/kg diazepam, 100 and 200 mg/kg of the extract attenuated anxiety like behaviors	(Mahendra and Bisht, 2011 ▶)
An extract obtained from fresh and dried plant	Induced depression in mice	10 ml/kg, i.p.	The extract from fresh plant had an anti-depression effect	(Kishore and Siddiqui, 2003 ▶)
Aqueous extracts and extract obtained by diethyl ether	Induced depression in mice	200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. 2 and 4 ml/kg, p.o.	Showed anti-depressant like activity comparable to the effects of fluoxetine and imipramine	(Kharade et al., 2011 ▶)
Diethyl ether extract from the seeds	Induced depression in mice	6 and 8 ml/kg, p.o.	Showed better bioactivity than aqueous seeds extract	(Kharade et al. 2011 ▶)
Coriander oil and linalool	Induced anxiety in chick	0.86, 8.6 and 86 μg/chick, i.c.v.	Distress calls, escapes, defecation and crossing number on open field test were decreased, while sleeping posture was increased	(Gastón et al., 2016 ▶)
Inhalation coriander oil	Induced Alzheimer's disease in rat	1% and 3%	Increased time spent in the open arms, open-arm entries and the number of crossing in rat model of Alzheimer's disease. C. sativum oil also reduced immobility time, but increased swimming time and content of glutathione. Furthermore, reduced amyloid deposits in the hippocampus	(Cioanca et al., 2014 ▶).
C. sativum hydro-alcoholic extract	Induced seizure in rat	50, 100 and 200 mg/kg	Reduced duration, frequency and amplitude of the burst discharges while prolonged the latency of the seizure attacks. The extract also prevented from production of dark neurons and apoptotic cells in different areas of the hippocampus	(Pourzaki et al., 2017 ▶)
Inhaled linalool	Induced anxiety in mice	1% and 3%	Linalool 3% decreased exploring and motor activities. Linalool (1% and 3%) increased sleeping time and reduced body temperature.	(de Moura Linck et al., 2009 ▶)
Inhaled linalool	Induced anxiety in mice	1% and 3%	Linalool (3%) increased exploring behavior comparable to the effects of diazepam (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) Linalool (1%) increased social interactions	(Linck et al., 2010 ▶)
Inhaled linalool oxide	Induced anxiety in mice	0.65%, 2.5% and 5.0% (w/w)	Increased open entries and open arm duration and also increased the time spent on light compartment.	(Souto-Maior et al., 2011 ▶)
linalool	Induced depression in rat	30 mg/kg, p.o.	Showed antidepressant activity by increased latency time and self-cleaning time, while  decreased immobility time.	(dos Santos et al., 2018 ▶)
Linalool	Induced anxiety in mice	100 mg/kg, i.p.	Improved the cognitive performance and decreased the prolonged time in dark chamber of model mice. Linalool also reduced the pathological lesions induced by AB to normal range. It also increased SOD and GPX activities in the hippocampus and cortex compared to the induced animals, while decreased the MDA level in the cortex close to the sham group	(Xu et al., 2017 ▶)
linalool	Induced Alzheimer's disease in mice	25 mg/kg, p.o.	Improved learning and spatial memory and significantly reduced extracellular β-amyloidosis, astrogliosis and microgliosis as well as reduced the levels of the pro-inflammatory markers including; p38 MAPK, COX2 and IL-1β in hippocampi and amygdalae.	(Sabogal-Guáqueta et al., 2016 ▶)