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. 2021 Oct 15;12:748706. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.748706

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Copyright © 2021 Pavkova, Klimentova, Bavlovic, Horcickova, Kubelkova, Vlcak, Raabova, Filimonenko, Ballek and Stulik.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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TEM analysis of outer membrane vesicle (OMV) production during infection of macrophages. (A) Francisella tularensis with developed OMV of standard proportions (180 nm long, 40 nm wide). (A′) Protrusions of the outer membrane that are not OMV. (B) OMV of F. tularensis in direct contact with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) facing toward the cell. (B′) OMV facilitating contact of F. tularensis with BMDM. (C) F. tularensis encapsulated inside a phagosome of BMDM with developed OMV. (C′) OMV in connection with the phagosomal membrane. (D) F. tularensis encapsulated in complete phagosome of BMDM. (D′) Decomposition of the phagosomal membrane in the presence of F. tularensis. (E) Singular F. tularensis in complete phagosome 5 min after infection. (F) Groups of F. tularensis are localized freely to the cytoplasm 6 h after infection. (E′,F′) Higher magnification images of black boxes on (E,F) respectively. Arrowheads, fragments of phagosomal membrane; arrows, OMV; asterisk, connection of OMV to BMDM. Scale bar, 200 nm and 1 μm (E,F).