Table 3.
Descriptive information of outcomes, condition differences at baseline and effects of intervention.
| Pre | Post | Effects | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | Condition differences at baseline | Intervention effects (Time*Condition) | |||||
| (n = 21) | (n = 19) | (n = 21) | (n = 19) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Estimate (CI) | p | Estimate (CI) | p | Cohens d (CI) | ||
| Parental ERSBs | ||||||||||
| PESQ emotion coaching | 31.0 (3.6) | 32.7 (2.6) | 33.3 (3.5) | 32.1 (2.5) | −1.8 (−3.8. 0.2) | 0.08 | 3.0 (1.0, 5.0) | 0.004* | 0.75 (0.30, 1.20) | |
| PESQ emotion dismissive | 27.2 (5.5) | 26.4 (5.9) | 29.9 (4.8) | 28.0 (6.3) | 0.7 (−2.8, 4.3) | 0.68 | 1.2 (−1.5, 3.9) | 0.39 | 0.27 (−0.17, 0.71) | |
| Child self-regulation | ||||||||||
| EGNG false alarms | 9.5 (5.7)a | 8.4 (7.4)d | 9.1 (5.2) | 8.1 (6.5)d | 1.0 (−3.1, 5.0) | 0.64 | 0.1 (−3.8, 4.0) | 0.95 | 0.02 (−0.44, 0.48) | |
| EGNG d-prime | 1.8 (0.5)a | 1.7 (0.8)d | 1.9 (0.6) | 2.4 (1.1)d | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.6) | 0.69 | –0.6 (–1,2, –0.1) | 0.02 | –1,1 (–1.61, –0.62) | |
| AX-CPT PBI-index | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4)c | 0.2 (−0.0, 0.4) | 0.09 | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.2) | 0.53 | −0.22 (−0.66, 0.23) | |
| AX-CPT context d-prime | 1.2 (1.4) | 0.7 (1.5) | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.2 (1.4)c | 0.5 (−0.3, 1.4) | 0.21 | −0.2 (−1.0, 0.7) | 0.69 | −0.15 (−0.60, 0.29) | |
| Child externalizing and internalizing | ||||||||||
| ECBI intensity | 117.5 (18.1)a | 105.0 (18.4) | 110.4 (20.2) | 102.9 (23.8) | 11.7 (−1.2, 24.6) | 0.08 | −4.2 (−13.4, 4.9) | 0.36 | −0.42 (−0.87, 0.03) | |
| ECBI problems | 7.3 (4.4)b | 5.5 (2.9) | 5.0 (3.8)b | 5.0 (4.1)c | 1.8 (−0.7, 4.3) | 0.15 | –2.2 (–4.3, –0.1) | 0.05 | –0.47 (–0.94, 0.00) | |
| PAS-R total anxiety | 33.5 (15.8) | 31.5 (14.9) | 32.4 (15.3) | 30.9 (11.8)c | 2.0 (−7.3, 11.3) | 0.67 | 0.3 (−6.3, 6.8) | 0.94 | 0.05 (−0.40, 0.49) | |
Fixed effects from mixed models without covariates. All results are based on sum scores. There are no significant differences between intervention and control condition at baseline, neither in any of the outcomes nor in child gender, parental age or parental education. No confounders are included in the analyses because of this similarity between conditions at baseline and because of the limited number of participants. EGNG, Emotional Go/NoGo task; d-prime, Hits relative to false alarms; AX-CPT, AX Continuous Performance Task; PBI-index, Proactive Behavioral Index; PESQ, Parent Emotional Style Questionnaire; ECBI, Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory; PAS-R, Preschool Anxiety Scale – Revised version.
n = 20,
n = 19,
n = 18,
n = 17.
Bold = significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect of intervention.
Significant (p ≤ 0.05) after adjusting for multiple (n = 11) tests as suggested by Hochberg and Benjamini (1990).